linguistics.bigb

= Linguistics
{wiki}

Remember: <having more than one natural language is bad for the world>.

= Dictionary
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Online dictionary
{parent=Dictionary}
{wiki}

= Urban Dictionary
{c}
{parent=Online dictionary}
{wiki}

https://www.urbandictionary.com/

What you <Google>-into when trying to understand <English (language)> <slangs> as of 2020.

= Register
{disambiguate=sociolinguistics}
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Term of endearment
{parent=Register (sociolinguistics)}
{wiki}

= Part of speech
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Lexical category
{parent=Part of speech}

= Noun
{parent=Part of speech}
{wiki}

= Name
{parent=Noun}
{wiki}

= Personal name
{parent=Name}
{wiki}

= Given name
{parent=Personal name}
{wiki}

= Given names are getting weirder
{parent=Given name}

* https://www.bbc.co.uk/future/article/20161221-why-millennials-are-choosing-strange-baby-names
* https://www.reddit.com/r/tragedeigh/comments/17pdk5t/is_there_a_specific_reason_why_theres_been_a/

= Maiden and married name
{parent=Personal name}
{wiki}

= Maiden name
{parent=Maiden and married name}

= Middle name
{parent=Personal name}
{wiki}

Middle names are a weird custom.

It's like a semi-secret part of your name that you only randomly use sometimes, and usually only in initials, and which no one else knows except your family.

It is as if the <Anglo-Saxons> were preparing for a real world <#Death Note> attack <I know your true name>-style.

= Pseudonym
{parent=Middle name}
{wiki}

= Alias
{synonym}
{title2}

= Goes by
{synonym}
{title2}

= Western pseudonym of East Asian person
{c}
{parent=Pseudonym}
{tag=East Asia}

Many <East Asians>, notably <Chinese> immigrants, choose to adopt a Western name <pseudonym> to make it easier for Western people who don't speak the language to call them and remember their name.

Cowards! <Ciro Santilli> would much rather just torture foreigners into learning his language. But fair play.

More interestingly however, some of the names chosen are not typical names, and some end up being very cute or mildly funny. Perhaps it is partly linked to <given names are getting weirder>.

Bibliography:
* https://www.dw.com/en/why-some-chinese-speakers-also-use-western-names/a-18966907

= Etymology
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Morphology
{disambiguate=linguistics}
{parent=Etymology}
{wiki}

= Inflection
{parent=Morphology (linguistics)}
{wiki}

= Diminutive
{parent=Inflection}
{wiki}

= Neologism
{parent=Etymology}
{wiki}

= Phonetics
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Homonym
{parent=Phonetics}
{title2=Same sound or spelling bu different meaning}

= Semantics
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Synonym
{parent=Semantics}
{wiki}

= Figure of speech
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Innuendo
{parent=Figure of speech}
{wiki}

= Sexual innuendo
{parent=Innuendo}
{wiki}

= Slang
{parent=Figure of speech}

= Euphemism
{parent=Figure of speech}
{tag=Evil}
{wiki}

= Euphemistic
{synonym}

Euphemisms are <evil> <bullshit>.

Just say what you mean to say,

<Don't be a pussy>.

If you've been fired, say you been fired, not "let go".

If someone died, say they died, not "passed away".

= Linguist
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Charles Kay Ogden
{c}
{parent=Linguist}
{wiki}

Creator of <Basic English>.

= Lingua franca
{parent=Linguistics}
{tag=Good}
{wiki}

See also: <having more than one natural language is bad for the world>.

= Natural language
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

When talking in the context of <programming languages>, <natural language> is the non-<computer> one.

Remember: <having more than one natural language is bad for the world>.

= Language learning
{parent=Natural language}

= Polyglot
{parent=Language learning}

= Timothy Doner
{c}
{parent=Polyglot}
{wiki}

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Km9-DiFaxpU]
{title=Teen Speaks Over 20 Languages by THNKR}

= Constructed language
{parent=Natural language}
{wiki}

= Controlled language
{parent=Constructed language}
{tag=List of languages}
{wiki}

= Controlled English
{parent=Controlled language}

= Basic English
{c}
{parent=Controlled English}
{wiki}

1925 by <Charles Kay Ogden>.

= Learning English
{c}
{parent=Controlled English}
{wiki}

1959 by Voice of America.

= Structured data
{parent=Controlled language}
{wiki}

= Writing system
{parent=Linguistics}
{wiki}

= Transcription
{disambiguate=linguistics}
{parent=Writing system}
{wiki}

= Transliteration
{parent=Transcription (linguistics)}
{wiki}

= Logogram
{parent=Writing system}
{tag=Evil}
{wiki}

Good luck.

= Chinese character
{c}
{parent=Logogram}
{wiki=Chinese_characters}

https://cirosantilli.com/china-dictatorship/schinese-characters-are-insane

= Transliteration of Chinese
{parent=Chinese character}
{tag=Transliteration}

= Pinyin
{parent=Transliteration of Chinese}
{wiki}

= Chinese punctuation
{c}
{parent=Chinese character}
{wiki}

= Reference mark
{parent=Chinese punctuation}
{title2=※}
{wiki}

= 参考标记
{synonym}
{title2}

<Ciro Santilli> had to see this in a few separate places, until he underestood: that little pictur emust be a thing! Examples:
* <mojim> watermarks: https://mojim.com/twy105509x7x2.htm
* some Japanese website: https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A4%A7%E7%96%91-556655

= Cursive script
{disambiguate=East Asia}
{parent=Chinese character}
{wiki}

= Grass script
{synonym}
{title2}

= 草书
{synonym}
{title2}

As if <Chinese character> weren't <evil> enough, their fast hand written form is even more unintelligible. It is like <Hell> within <Hell>.

It is also very beautiful it must be said.

= Phonemic orthography
{parent=Writing system}
{wiki}

= Syllabary
{parent=Phonemic orthography}

= Abugida
{parent=Syllabary}
{wiki}

Somewhat midway between a <syllabary> and an <alphabet>: you write out consonants, and vowels are "punctuation-like-modifiers".

E.g.: the main <Hindi> script (<devanagari>) and most other <Indian> languages.

= Abjad
{parent=Abugida}
{wiki}

Unlike <abugida>, these actually make you guess vowels, which are mostly or all not written down in any way. Terrible.

E.g.: the main <Arabic> script.

= Devanagari
{parent=Abugida}

= Alphabet
{parent=Phonemic orthography}
{wiki}

= Diacritic
{c}
{parent=Alphabet}
{wiki}

= Cyrillic script
{c}
{parent=Alphabet}
{wiki}

= Greek alphabet
{c}
{parent=Alphabet}
{wiki}

Unfortunately, <physicists> and <mathematicians> keep using Greek letters in their formulas, so we just have to learn them.

A helpful way to remember is to learn a bit of their history/pronunciation: <historical correspondence between Latin and Greek>{full}.

To learn the greek letters if you have a base latin alphabet, you \i[must] learn the sound of each letter, and which <Latin letters> they correspond to.

Symbols that look like Greek letters but are not Greek letters:
* <nabla symbol>

Is <Ciro Santilli> crazy (he is, but for this point specifically), or do many/most <Greek letters> represent the mouth position used in the pronunciation of the letter?

= Greek letter
{c}
{synonym}

= Beta
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Beta$}
{title2=$\beta$}
{title2=B}
{wiki}

= Gamma
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Gamma$}
{title2=$\gamma$}
{title2=C}
{title2=G}
{wiki}

It is fun to see that C and G have been confused since antiquity:
* the modern sound is <G>
* in terms of modern letters, both <C> and <G> split from <gamma>

= Delta
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Delta$}
{title2=$\delta$}
{title2=D}
{wiki}

= Delta
{synonym}

= Epsilon
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Epsilon$}
{title2=$\epsilon$}
{title2=$\varepsilon$}
{title2=E}
{wiki}

= Epsilon
{synonym}

Confusingly, in <LaTeX>:
* `\varepsilon` rendered $\varepsilon$, is the default modern Greek glyph
* `\epsilon` rendered $\epsilon$ is the lunate variant

= Greek letter epsilon
{c}
{synonym}

= Zeta
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Zeta$}
{title2=$\zeta$}
{title2=Z}
{wiki}

= Zeta
{synonym}

Lower case looks like the mouth shape when you say Z, with mouth open, and you can even see the little tongue going down. Beauty.

= Eta
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Eta$}
{title2=$\eta$}
{title2=H}
{wiki}

= Eta
{synonym}

Lowercase looks like a lowercase <letter N> for some reason.

= Mu
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Mu$}
{title2=$\mu$}
{title2=M}

= Mu
{synonym}

= Nu
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Nu$}
{title2=$\nu$}
{title2=N}

= Nu
{synonym}

Why would <physicists> use a letter such that:
* the upper case version looks exactly like an upper case <N>. At least that is the correct pronunciation/name/historical successor of $\nu$.
* the lower case version looks exactly like a lower case <V>
Why? Why?????????

= Pi
{disambiguate=letter}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Pi$}
{title2=$\pi$}
{title2=P}
{wiki}

= Rho
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Rho$}
{title2=$\rho$}
{title2=R}
{wiki}

This one is a little confusing: the upper case looks exactly like a <letter P>, but as the name suggests, it actually corresponds to the <letter R>. The <letter P> corresponds to <pi (letter)> instead.

= Phi
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Phi$}
{title2=$\phi$}
{title2=$\varphi$}
{title2=F}
{wiki}

Two lower case variants... both used in <mathematical notation>, and for some reason, in <LaTeX> `\varphi` is the one that actually looks like the default standard modern lowercase phi, while `\phi` is the weird one. I love life.

= Psi
{disambiguate=Greek}
{parent=Greek alphabet}
{title2=$\Psi$}
{title2=$\psi$}
{wiki}

= Psi
{synonym}

As if it weren't enough, there's also a <Cyrillic script> psi that is slightly different. Life's great.

= Latin alphabet
{c}
{parent=Alphabet}
{wiki}

= History of the Latin alphabet
{parent=Latin alphabet}

Derivation from older alphabets: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&oldid=1042752124#Derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs

= Historical correspondence between Latin and Greek
{parent=History of the Latin alphabet}

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&oldid=1042752124#Derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs

= Latin letter
{c}
{parent=Latin alphabet}

= A
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Letter A
{synonym}
{title2}

= B
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= C
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= D
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Letter D
{synonym}

= F
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= G
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= H
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= I
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= J
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= K
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= L
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= M
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= N
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Letter N
{synonym}

= O
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= P
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Letter P
{synonym}

= Q
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= R
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Letter R
{synonym}

= S
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= T
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= U
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= V
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= W
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= X
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Y
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Z
{c}
{parent=Latin letter}
{wiki}

= Punctuation
{parent=Phonemic orthography}
{wiki}

= At sign
{parent=Punctuation}
{title2=@}

= Double quotes
{parent=Punctuation}
{title2="}

= List of languages
{parent=Linguistics}

Remember: <having more than one natural language is bad for the world>.

= Indo-European language
{c}
{parent=List of languages}
{wiki=Indo-European_languages}

= Arabic
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= English
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= Anglophone
{synonym}

= English idiom
{c}
{parent=English (language)}
{wiki=English-language_idioms}

= Hindsight is 20/20
{parent=English idiom}

= If it ain't broke, don't fix it
{parent=English idiom}

= Polish a turd
{parent=English idiom}

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=turd%20polishing on <Urban Dictionary>.

<Ciro Santilli> learned this expression from <Angry Video Game Nerd>.

= Take the gloves off
{parent=English idiom}

= English slang
{parent=English (language)}

= Meh
{parent=English slang}

= No pun intended
{parent=English slang}

On <Urban Dictionary>: https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=no%20pun%20intended

= Original gangster
{parent=English slang}

= OG
{c}
{synonym}
{title2}

= Regional accents of English
{parent=English (language)}
{wiki}

= Received Pronunciation
{c}
{parent=Regional accents of English}
{wiki}

= Queen's English
{c}
{synonym}

= BBC English
{c}
{synonym}

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFZZI7HCp2M]
{title=Hard Attack: How English is getting more "choppy" by Dr Geoff Lindsey (2023)}
{description=Goodness this dude is a master of it.}

= German
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= Greek
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= Greek root
{parent=Greek (language)}
{title2=μόνος}

= Mono
{parent=Greek root}
{title2=μόνος}

One, single. Actual word: <μόνος>.

= μόνος
{synonym}
{title2}

= Greek word
{parent=Greek (language)}

= Kudos
{parent=Greek word}

= κῦδος
{synonym}
{title2}

Ahh, <Ciro Santilli> was certain this was some <slang> <neologism>, but it is actually <Greek (language)>! So funny. Introduced into <English (language)> in the 19th century according to: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kudo[].

= Hindi
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= Polish
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki}

= Polish letter
{c}
{parent=Polish (language)}

= Ł
{id=ł}
{parent=Polish letter}
{title2=wa}
{title2=wo}

= L with a stroke
{synonym}
{title2}

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cN0NB1I05tQ]
{title=Exploring! the Special Letters of the Polish Alphabet: <L> by Polish Girl Next Door (2021)}

= Romance language
{c}
{parent=Indo-European language}
{wiki=Romance_languages}

= Latin
{c}
{parent=Romance language}
{wiki}

= Latin phrase
{c}
{parent=Latin}
{wiki=List of Latin phrases}

= Latin expression
{c}
{synonym}

= Cf.
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=confer}
{title2=compare with}
{wiki}

= De novo
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=of new}
{title2=from scratch}

= Et aliī
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=and others}

= Et al.
{synonym}
{title2}

= Id est
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=i.e.}
{title2=that is}
{title2=in other words}

= In vitro
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=in a glass}
{title2=artificial}

= In vivo
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=in life}
{title2=natural}

= Nota bene
{parent=Latin phrase}
{title2=NB.}
{title2=note well}
{title2=note that}
{wiki}

= Sic
{parent=Latin phrase}
{wiki}

= French
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Romance language}
{wiki}

= Italian
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Romance language}
{wiki}

= Portuguese
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Romance language}
{wiki}

= Brazilian Portuguese
{c}
{parent=Portuguese (language)}
{wiki}

= Spanish
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Romance language}
{wiki}

= Japanese
{disambiguate=language}
{parent=List of languages}
{wiki}

= Sino-Tibetan language
{parent=List of languages}
{wiki=Sino-Tibetan_languages}

= Chinese
{disambiguate=language}
{c}
{parent=Sino-Tibetan language}
{tag=China}
{wiki}

Some remarks on the language at: https://cirosantilli.com/china-dictatorship/does-ciro-santilli-speak-chinese

= Chengyu
{parent=Chinese (language)}
{wiki}

= 成語
{synonym}
{title2}

= Chinese slang
{parent=Chinese (language)}

= Shabi
{parent=Chinese slang}

= 傻逼
{synonym}
{title2}