(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[1764],{2172:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(31),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t.$createElement,a=t._self._c||s;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("h1",{attrs:{id:"modularization-techniques"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#modularization-techniques"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Modularization Techniques")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"universal-module-definition-umd"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#universal-module-definition-umd"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Universal Module Definition (UMD)")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The UMD (Universal Module Definition) pattern is used when our module needs to be imported by a number of different module loaders (e.g. AMD, CommonJS).")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("The pattern itself consists of two parts:")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("\nAn IIFE (Immediately-Invoked Function Expression) that checks for the module loader that is being implemented by the user. 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