/* * This C++ program outputs SQLite3-compatible database containing names of * numbers 1-10 in various languages. It also does some "SELECT" and "UPDATE" * queries illustrating how such a database might be used, that is, what kind * of information it can provide. */ #include #include #include using namespace std; int main() { string result = R"( CREATE TABLE languages (language_name varchar(20), parent_language varchar(20), language_family varchar(20) default 'Other', PRIMARY KEY (language_name), CONSTRAINT FK_language_protolanguage FOREIGN KEY (language_name) REFERENCES languages(language_name), CONSTRAINT valid_language_family_name CHECK (language_family in ('Niger–Congo', 'Austronesian', 'Sino-Tibetan', 'Indo-European', 'Australian', 'Afro-Asiatic', 'Nilo-Saharan', 'Oto-Manguean', 'Austroasiatic', 'Tai–Kadai', 'Dravidian', 'Tupian', 'Other')) ); CREATE TABLE names_of_numbers ( language_name varchar(20), word varchar(20), value integer, comment varchar(1000), attested integer check (attested in (0,1)), CONSTRAINT FK_number_language FOREIGN KEY (language_name) REFERENCES languages(language_name), CONSTRAINT value_number_between_1_and_10 CHECK (value between 1 and 10), PRIMARY KEY (language_name, value) ); CREATE TABLE variables (variable_name varchar(30) primary key, value integer); )"; string table = R"( Proto-Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic NULL NULL *tsan *xaimz *fazu NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL Proto-Berber Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic yn sn krad okkoz fuss fussdyn fussdsn fussdkrad addawmeraw meraw Ghadames Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber yun sen kared aqquz semmes suz sa tam tesu maraw Tenerife Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber ben lini amiat arba cansa sumus sat set acot marago Kabyle Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber yiwen sin tlata rebea xemsa setta sebea tmanya tesea eecra Riffian Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber yijjen sin krad kuz xemsa setta seba tmanya tza mraw Shilha Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber yan sin krad kkuz semmus sdis sa ttam ttza mraw Zenaga Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber iun shinan karat akoz shammush shodush ishsha ittem tuza mereg Tamasheq Afro-Asiatic Proto-Berber iyan esshin kerad ekkoz semmos sedis essa ettam teza meraw Hausa Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic daya biyu uku hudu biyar shida bakwai takwas tara goma Oromo Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic tokko lama sadii afur shan jaa torba saddet sagal kudhan Somali Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic kow laba saddex afar shan lix toddoba siddeed sagaal toban Old_Egyptian Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic *wuhhuw *sinuwwaj *hamtaw *jaftaw *tijaw *sarsaw *safhaw *hamanaw *pisicaw *mucaw Middle_Egyptian Afro-Asiatic Old_Egyptian wuhhuw sinuwwaj hamtaw jaftaw tijaw sarsaw safhaw hamanaw pisitaw mucaw Late_Egyptian Afro-Asiatic Middle_Egyptian wohhu sunou hamt huftaw tiyu hussaw safh humon pusit meet Coptic Afro-Asiatic Late_Egyptian ouai snau xomt ftou tiou sou xaxf xmen psit met Dizi Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic koy tagn kadu kubmjii uxcu yaku tusu zyed sagil tamu Nayi Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic isin tagen kaddu kubm uchum yakko tessen zyad sagn tamu Sheko Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic koy tagen kaddu kubm uchu yaku tubsu zyed sagen tam Anfillo Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic ikko gutto keggo auddo amitto shirto shabatto shimitto yiringo ashiro Shinasha Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic ikka gitta keza awdda usa sherita shawata shimita jeriya tasa Khaficho Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic ikka gutta kaja guda uja sirita sabata shiminta yitiya ajera Mocha Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic hikko gutto kaggo awuddo uchcho shiritto shabatto shimitto yitiyo ashiro Bench Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic mat nam kaz od uts sapm napm niartn irstun tam Chara Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic issa nanta keza obda uchcha safun lapun nandirse biza tantsa Ometo Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic ista naaha hezza oydda iccaca usuppuna laappuna hoospuna uddupunaa tamma Dime Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic wokkil kasten mikkim uddu shinne lah tossum kashnash bokolash tamme Proto-Semitic Afro-Asiatic Proto-Afro-Asiatic *ahad *tin *salat *arba *hamx *xidt *xab *tamaniy *tix *asar Maltese Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic wiehed tnejn tlieta erbgha hamsa sitta sebgha tmienja disgha ghaxra Arabic Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic wahid itnan talata harbaha hamsa sitta sabha tamaniya tisha haxara Aramaic Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic had turen tulata harbha hamxa xitta xabha tumanya tixha hasra Syriac Afro-Asiatic Aramaic had turen tlata harbha hamxa xuta xabha tumanya texha hesra Phoenician Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic hihad senem salus hareb homis sis sebah semuni tisah hisir Hebrew Afro-Asiatic Proto-Semitic hahat xetayim xalox harbah hames xex xeba xemoneh texa heser Proto-Austronesian Austronesian NULL *isa *dusa *telu *sepat *lima *enum *pitu *walu *xiwa *puluq Amis Austronesian Proto-Austronesian cecay tosa tolo spet lima enem pito falo siwa motep Atayal Austronesian Proto-Austronesian qutux sazing cyugal payat magal mtzyu mpitu mspat mqeru mopuw Paiwan Austronesian Proto-Austronesian ita drusa tjelu sepatj lima enem pitju alu siva tapuluq Bunun Austronesian Proto-Austronesian tasha dusa tau paat hima nuum pitu vau siva mashan Puyuma Austronesian Proto-Austronesian isa zuwa telu pat lima unem pitu walu iwa puluh Rukai Austronesian Proto-Austronesian itha drusa tulru supate lrima eneme pitu valru bangate pulruku Thao Austronesian Proto-Austronesian taha tusha turu shpat tarima katuru pitu kashpat tanathu makthin Kavalan Austronesian Proto-Austronesian usiq uzusa utulu uspat ulima unem upitu uwalu usiwa rabtin Truku Austronesian Proto-Austronesian kingal dha tru spat rima mataru empitu maspat mngari maxal Seediq Austronesian Proto-Austronesian kingal daha teru sepac rima mmteru mpitu mmsepac mngari maxal Siraya Austronesian Proto-Austronesian saat ruha turu xpat rima nom pitu kuixpa matuda kitian Taivoan Austronesian Proto-Austronesian cahah ruha toho paha hima lom kito kipa matuha kaipien Indonesian Austronesian Proto-Austronesian satu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh delepan sembilan sepuluh Tagalog Austronesian Proto-Austronesian isa dalawa tatlo apat lima anim pito walo siyam sampu Hawaiian Austronesian Proto-Austronesian hekahi helua hekolu heha helima heono hehiku hewalu heiwa humi Maori Austronesian Proto-Austronesian tahi rua toru wha rima ono whitu waru iwa tekau Tahitian Austronesian Proto-Austronesian tahi piti toru maha pae ono hitu vahu iva hohehahuru Proto-Indo-European Indo-European NULL *hoynos *dwoh *treyes *qetwores *penqe *swecs *septm *hectow *hnewn *decm Albanian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European nji dy tre kater pese giaxte xtate tete nande dhete Hittite Indo-European Proto-Indo-European as dan tereies mayewes NULL NULL xipta NULL NULL NULL Lycian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European sinta tuwa trei teteri NULL NULL NULL aitata nuntata NULL Luwian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European in an tarris mawa NULL NULL xaptami NULL NULL NULL Armenian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European mi erkow erek txork hing vec eotun owt inun tasun Gaulish Indo-European Proto-Indo-European oino do tri petor pempe suekos sekstam okstu nau decam Gothic Indo-European Proto-Indo-European ains twai threis fidwor fimf saihs sibun ahtau niun taihun English Indo-European Proto-Indo-European uan txu thri for faiv siks sevun eit nain ten Dutch Indo-European Proto-Indo-European een tvee dri vir veif zes zevun aht neyen tin German Indo-European Proto-Indo-European ains tsvai drai fiar funf zeks zibun aht noin tseen Icelandic Indo-European Proto-Indo-European ein tveir thrir fyorir fimum seks syu atta niu tiu Danish Indo-European Proto-Indo-European en to tre fire fem seks siv otte ni ti Swedish Indo-European Proto-Indo-European en tva tre fira fem seks siu atta nio tio Oscan Indo-European Proto-Indo-European winus dus tris petora pompe *sehs *seften *uhto *nuwen *deken Umbrian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European uns tuf trif petur pumpe sehs NULL NULL *nuwim *desem Faliscan Indo-European Proto-Indo-European NULL du tris NULL cicue zeks zepten oktu neven NULL Latin Indo-European Proto-Indo-European unus duo tres quattuor quinque seks septem okto novem dekem Sardinian Indo-European Latin unu duos tres battoro chimbe ses sette otto noe deghe Romanian Indo-European Latin unu doi trei patru cinci sase sapte opt noua zece Italian Indo-European Latin uno due tre kuattro txinkwe sei sette otto nove dietxi Lombard Indo-European Latin vun duu trii quatter cinqu ses sett vott noeuv des Ladin Indo-European Latin un doi trei cater cinch sies set ot nuef diesc French Indo-European Latin in du turua katur sek sis set wit nuf dis Occitan Indo-European Latin un dos tres catre cinc seis set och nau detz Portuguese Indo-European Latin umu dois tres kuatru siku ses seti oitu novi dez Spanish Indo-European Latin uno dos tres kuatro sinko seis siete otxo nueve dies Greek Indo-European Proto-Indo-European heis duo treis tettares pente heks hepta okto ennea deka Lithuanian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European vienas du trys keturi penki xexi septyni axtuoni devini deximt Latvian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European viens divi triis txetri pieci sexi septini astoni devini desmit Proto-Slavic Indo-European Proto-Indo-European *edinu *duva *triye *txetire *penti *xesti *sedmi *osmi *deventi *desenti Russian Indo-European Proto-Slavic adyin dvie tri txitirie piat xesit siem vosim dievit desiat Czech Indo-European Proto-Slavic yeden dva tri txtiri pyet xest sedm osm deviet deset Polish Indo-European Proto-Slavic yeden dva tzi tsteri pietx sextx siedem osiem dzeviyetx dzexetx Slovak Indo-European Proto-Slavic yeden dva tri xtiri pec xesc seyem osem yevec yesac Serbo-Croatian Indo-European Proto-Slavic yedan dva tri txetiri pet xest sedam osam devet deset Slovene Indo-European Proto-Slavic ena dve tri xtiri pet xest sedem osem devet deset Sanskrit Indo-European Proto-Indo-European aika dva trayas catvaras panca sas sapta asta nava dasa Pali Indo-European Sanskrit eka dve tayo cattaro panyca txa satta attha nava dasa Hindi Indo-European Sanskrit ek do tin txar patx txe sat ath no dus Nepali Indo-European Pali ek dui tin car pamc chha sat ath nau das Bengali Indo-European Sanskrit ek dui tin txar patx txoe xat at noe dox Punjabi Indo-European Sanskrit ikuk do tinun txar panj khuhe satut atuth naum das Sindhi Indo-European Sanskrit hik bah teh txar panj txah sath ath nav deh Avestan Indo-European Proto-Indo-European aeva dva thri txathvar pantxa hxvax hapta axta nava dasa Ossetian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European iu diuae aetae tsuppar fondz aexsaez avd ast farast daes Tocharian Indo-European Proto-Indo-European sas wu tre stuar pany sak spat okat nu sak Proto-Sino-Tibetan Sino-Tibetan NULL *ktyig *knyis *ktium *pli *punga *triuk *snis *triat *tkua *untsub Mandarin Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan yi er saan si wu liu txi ba txiu xi Yantai Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan i lia san si u liu txi pa ciu txi Rugao Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan iuh lia se su vu loh txiuh peh txiu suh Jin Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan iuh lio sae su vu liuh txiuh pah txiuh suh Shanghainese Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan ih nyi se su ung loh txih pah txieu zeh Cantonese Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan yat leuhung saam sei ungh luhk txat baat gau sahp Min Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan tsit ji sam si goo lak txit pueh kau tsap Xiang Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan i lie sa su u luw txi po txiuw si Gan Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan it liong san su eng liuh txit pat txiu xit Hakka Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan it engi sam si eng liuh txit pat kiu sip Huizhou Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan ieh eh so se ui luh txieh poh txih xieh Pinghua Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan zi lin xu sa ung lio txu pia txiou su Dali Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan ji kou sa xi ungu fu txihi pia txu tse Burmese Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan tih nih thouw le unga txauh khuwnih xih ko xeba Yi Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan ti ni so zu unga fu su hi gu txi Qiang Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan a nyi txi dughuz gua xitsu sing txe xigue xadi Tibetan Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan gucig gnis ksum buxi linga drug ubdun burgiad udgu bucu Ladakhi Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan cig nis sum izxi unga truk dun giat urgu ubcu Bhutanese Sino-Tibetan Proto-Sino-Tibetan ci nyi sum xi unga druk dun ja gu txutham Khmer Austroasiatic NULL muuj pil buj buun pram prammuj prampi prambuj prambuen dap Vietnamese Austroasiatic NULL mot hai ba bon nam sau bay tam txin muoi Proto-Dravidian Dravidian NULL *ontu *irantu *muntu *nalku *caymtu *catu *eltu *enttu *tonpahtu *pahtu Kannada Dravidian Proto-Dravidian ondu eradu muru nalku aidu aru elu entu ombhattu hattu Tamil Dravidian Proto-Dravidian ondru irandu munru nanagu aindhu aru elu ettu onbadhu pathithu Swahili Niger–Congo NULL moja mubili tatu nune tano sita saba nane tisa kumi Zulu Niger–Congo NULL kunye kubili kuthathu kune kuhlanu isithupha isikhombisa isixiyagalobili isixiyagalolunye ixumi Thai Tai–Kadai NULL nueng song sam si ha hok txet paet kaw sip Proto-Turkic Other NULL bir eki utx tort bex alti yeti sekiz tokuz on Uygrhur Other Proto-Turkic bir ikki ukh tut bex alte yette sekkiz toquuz on Turkish Other Proto-Turkic bir iki itx durt bex alti yedi sekiz dokuz on Proto-Uralic Other NULL *ukte *kakte *kolm *nelia *wite *kutte *xajtxem NULL NULL *luka Finnish Other Proto-Uralic iksi kaksi kolme nelja viisi kuusi seitseman kahdeksan ihdeksan kimmenen Estonian Other Proto-Uralic uks kaks kolm neli viis kuus seitse kaheksa uheksa kumme Sami Other Proto-Uralic ohta kiehti kulma neli vitta kutta txitxam kavci ouce love Hungarian Other Proto-Uralic ej kettu harom nej ut hat het niolts kilents tiiz Mansi Other Proto-Uralic akva kitig hurum nila at hot sat niolov ontolov lov Georgian Other NULL erti ori sami othi huti ekusi xvidi rua tsixra ati Chechen Other NULL tsixay xiy quoy diy pixiy yalx vorh barh isus itut Proto-Japonic Other NULL *pitu *puta *mit *yu *itu *mut *nana *ya *kukunu *tuwu Korean Other NULL hana dul set net tasot yosot ilgop yodol ahop yol Mongolian Other NULL niken qoyar gurban durben tabun jirquoghan dologhan nayiman yisin arban Proto-Mayan Other NULL *juun *kaab *oohx *kaang *hoh *wahuq *huq *waqshaq *beleng *laxung Mayan Other Proto-Mayan hun kaa oox kan hoo waak uuk waxak bolon lahun Yupik Other NULL atauciq malruk pingayun cetaman talyiman arvinglegen malrunglegen pingayunglegen qulngunritaraan qula Inuit Other NULL atausique marruwu pingasut sitamat tallimat arviniquutut marruwunginiarvinilik pingasuniarvinilik quilingiluaquutut quilit Navajo Other NULL tialiai nahaki tahah dyih axdlah hastaha tsostsid tsebihi nahastei neheznaha Quechua Other NULL huque iskay kinda tawa pisqua suquuta quantxis pusaqua isquon txunka Hopi Other NULL suwukyah luyum payom naluyum tsivot navay tsangeh nanalt peut pakut Nahuatl Other NULL ke ome eyi nahui makuilli txikuace txikome txikueyi txiknahui mahtlaktli Basque Other NULL bat bi hiru lau bost sei zazpi zortzi bederatzi hamar Etruscan Other NULL thu zal ki huth mah sa semf kezp nurf sar Sumerian Other NULL dex min pex lim i yax imin yus ilim hu )"; istringstream tableStream(table); while (tableStream) { string languageName, languageFamilyName, parentLanguageName; tableStream >> languageName >> languageFamilyName >> parentLanguageName; if (!tableStream) break; result += R"( INSERT INTO languages values (')" + languageName + "'," + (parentLanguageName != "NULL" ? "'" + parentLanguageName + "'" : "NULL") + ",'" + languageFamilyName + "');\n"; for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { string numberName; tableStream >> numberName; if (numberName == "NULL") continue; result += "INSERT INTO names_of_numbers(language_name, word, value, " "attested) VALUES ('" + languageName + "','" + (numberName[0] == '*' ? numberName.substr(1) : numberName) + "'," + to_string(i) + "," + (numberName[0] == '*' ? "0" : "1") + ");\n"; } } result += R"( SELECT language1.language_name AS "Languages with different language family from their parent language, check for these errors!" FROM (languages AS language1),languages WHERE language1.language_name=languages.parent_language and language1.language_family<>languages.language_family; UPDATE names_of_numbers SET comment='It is amazing to me that the Proto-Sino-Tibetan word for the number 8 was "triat", when, in nearly all modern Sino-Tibetan languages, the word for number eight starts with either "p" or "b".' WHERE language_name='Proto-Sino-Tibetan' and value=8; UPDATE names_of_numbers SET comment='The Etruscan word for the number 8, "kezp", is usually considered to be compound from "ki" (three) and "zep" (hand), to mean "three plus the number of fingers on one hand".' WHERE language_name='Etruscan' and value=8; UPDATE names_of_numbers SET comment='Some amazing sound changes visible here...' WHERE language_name='Armenian' and value=2; UPDATE names_of_numbers, languages SET comment='Innovation in the Anatolian branch...' WHERE value=4 and word like 'm%' and languages.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and languages.language_family='Indo-European'; UPDATE names_of_numbers, languages SET comment='The "d" at the beginning is either contamination from the word for the number 10, or sound change from "hn".' WHERE value=9 and languages.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and languages.language_family='Indo-European' and word like 'd%'; SELECT * FROM names_of_numbers WHERE comment IS NOT NULL; INSERT INTO variables VALUES ('Number of languages',(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Languages)); INSERT INTO variables VALUES ('Number of Indo-European languages',(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Languages WHERE Languages.language_family='Indo-European')); INSERT INTO variables VALUES ('Number of Semitic languages',(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Languages WHERE Languages.parent_language='Proto-Semitic')); SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/variables.value AS "Percentage of languages in which the words for 2 and 10 start with the same letter." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1),names_of_numbers,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of languages' and numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=2 and names_of_numbers.value=10; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/variables.value AS "Percentage of Indo-European languages in which the words for 2 and 10 start with the same letter." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1),names_of_numbers,languages,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of Indo-European languages' and numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name and languages.language_family='Indo-European' and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=2 and names_of_numbers.value=10; SELECT 100. * COUNT (DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name) / (SELECT value FROM variables WHERE variable_name = 'Number of languages') AS "Percentage of languages in which the words for three and eight start with the same letter (as in Etruscan, where 'eight' means 'three plus hand')." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1), names_of_numbers WHERE numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=3 and names_of_numbers.value=8; SELECT 100. * COUNT (DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name) / (SELECT value FROM variables WHERE variable_name = 'Number of languages') AS "Percentage of languages in which the words for two and eight start with the same letter (the opposite of Etruscan, so that 'eight' is 'two to ten')." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1), names_of_numbers WHERE numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=2 and names_of_numbers.value=8; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/variables.value AS "Percentage of languages in which the words for 6 and 7 start with the same letter." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1),names_of_numbers,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of languages' and numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=6 and names_of_numbers.value=7; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/variables.value AS "Percentage of Indo-European languages in which the words for 6 and 7 start with the same letter." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1),names_of_numbers,languages,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of Indo-European languages' and numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name and languages.language_family='Indo-European' and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=6 and names_of_numbers.value=7; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/variables.value AS "Percentage of Semitic languages in which the words for 6 and 7 start with the same letter." FROM (names_of_numbers as numbers1),names_of_numbers,languages,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of Semitic languages' and numbers1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name and languages.parent_language='Proto-Semitic' and substr(numbers1.word,1,1)=substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1) and numbers1.value=6 and names_of_numbers.value=7; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/(SELECT value FROM variables WHERE variable_name='Number of languages') AS "Percentage of languages in which the word for the number 8 starts with either 'p' or 'b'." FROM languages,names_of_numbers WHERE names_of_numbers.value=8 and (names_of_numbers.word like 'p%' or names_of_numbers.word like 'b%') and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name; SELECT 100.*COUNT(DISTINCT names_of_numbers.language_name)/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM languages WHERE language_family='Sino-Tibetan') AS "Percentage of Sino-Tibetan languages in which the word for the number 8 starts with either 'p' or 'b'." FROM languages,names_of_numbers WHERE names_of_numbers.value=8 and (names_of_numbers.word like 'p%' or names_of_numbers.word like 'b%') and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name and languages.language_family='Sino-Tibetan'; SELECT 100.*COUNT(*)/variables.value AS "Percentage of languages in which the word for 6 starts with 's' or 'sh' (here transcribed as 'x')." FROM names_of_numbers,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of languages' and names_of_numbers.value=6 and (names_of_numbers.word like 's%' or names_of_numbers.word like 'x%'); SELECT 100.*COUNT(*)/variables.value AS "Percentage of languages in which the word for 7 starts with 's' or 'sh'." FROM names_of_numbers,variables WHERE variables.variable_name='Number of languages' and names_of_numbers.value=7 and (names_of_numbers.word like 's%' or names_of_numbers.word like 'x%'); SELECT language_family as "Language family", number1.language_name as "Language in which exactly one of the words for 6 and 7 seems to be borrowed from the mystery language", number1.word as "Name for number 6", names_of_numbers.word as "Name for number 7" FROM (names_of_numbers AS number1),names_of_numbers,languages WHERE number1.language_name=names_of_numbers.language_name and names_of_numbers.language_name=languages.language_name and number1.value=6 and names_of_numbers.value=7 and (names_of_numbers.word like 's%' or number1.word like 's%' or names_of_numbers.word like 'x%' or number1.word like 'x%') and substr(names_of_numbers.word,1,1)<>substr(number1.word,1,1) and not(number1.word like 's%' and names_of_numbers.word like 'x%') and not(number1.word like 'x%' and names_of_numbers.word like 's%'); )"; ofstream output("languages.sql"); output << result; output.close(); }