#OOP Python

'''
Object Oriented Programming is a fundamental concept in Python, 
empowering developers to build modular, maintainable and scalable applications.

OOP is a way of organizing code that uses objects and classes to represent 
real-world entities and their behavior. In OOP, object has attributes thing 
that has specific data and can perform certain actions using methods.

'''

class Dog:
    species = "Canine"  # Class attribute

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name  # Instance attribute
        self.age = age  # Instance attribute

# Creating an object of the Dog class
dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)

print(dog1.name) 
print(dog1.species)


#Encapsulation example
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, breed, age):
        self.name = name  # Public attribute
        self._breed = breed  # Protected attribute
        self.__age = age  # Private attribute

    # Public method
    def get_info(self):
        return f"Name: {self.name}, Breed: {self._breed}, Age: {self.__age}"

    # Getter and Setter for private attribute
    def get_age(self):
        return self.__age

    def set_age(self, age):
        if age > 0:
            self.__age = age
        else:
            print("Invalid age!")

# Example Usage
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Labrador", 3)

# Accessing public member
print(dog.name)  # Accessible

# Accessing protected member
print(dog._breed)  # Accessible but discouraged outside the class

# Accessing private member using getter
print(dog.get_age())

# Modifying private member using setter
dog.set_age(5)
print(dog.get_info())


#Inheritance example
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        return "Animal speaks"
class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"
class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"
    
dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()
print(dog.speak())  # Output: Woof!
print(cat.speak())  # Output: Meow!


# Method Overriding
# We start with a base class and then a subclass that "overrides" the speak method.
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        return "I am an animal."

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

print(Dog().speak())

# 2 Duck Typing
class Cat:
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"

def make_animal_speak(animal):
    # This function works for both Dog and Cat because they both have a 'speak' method.
    return animal.speak()

print(make_animal_speak(Cat()))
print(make_animal_speak(Dog()))

# 3 Operator Overloading
# We create a simple class that customizes the '+' operator.
class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        # This special method defines the behavior of the '+' operator.
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v1 = Vector(2, 3)
v2 = Vector(4, 5)
v3 = v1 + v2

print(v3)