pensepython.github.io/C-glossary.html at master · PensePython/pensepython.github.io

History

568 lines (550 loc) · 55.5 KB

Raw

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<head>

<title>Glossário Consolidado — Pense Python 2e documentation</title>

var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {

URL_ROOT: './',

VERSION: '2e',

COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,

FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',

HAS_SOURCE: true

};

</script>

</head>

<h1>Glossário Consolidado<a class="headerlink" href="#glossario-consolidado" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>

Este glossário é a união de todos os glossários dos capítulos.

Cada entrada está vinculada ao capítulo onde ela aparece, por exemplo:

bug <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a>.

Note que alguns termos aparecem em mais de um capítulo, às vezes

com definições diferentes, de acordo com o contexto.

<dt>acumulador (accumulator) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A variable used in a loop to add up or accumulate a result.</dd>

<dt>algoritmo (algorithm) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>A general process for solving a category of problems.</dd>

<dt>aliasing (“apelidamento”) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A circumstance where two or more variables refer to the same object.</dd>

<dt>analisar (parse) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>To examine a program and analyze the syntactic structure.</dd>

<dt>análise de algoritmos (analysis of algorithms) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>A way to compare algorithms in terms of their run time and/or space requirements.</dd>

<dt>argumento nomeado (keyword argument) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>An argument that includes the name of the parameter as a “keyword”.</dd>

<dt>argumento opcional (optional argument) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A function or method argument that is not required.</dd>

<dt>argumento posicional (positional argument) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>An argument that does not include a parameter name, so it is not a keyword argument.</dd>

<dt>argumento (argument) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned to the corresponding parameter in the function.</dd>

<dt>arquivo-texto (text file) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A sequence of characters stored in permanent storage like a hard drive.</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">assert</code>, instrução (<code class="docutils literal">assert</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that check a condition and raises an exception if it fails.</dd>

<dt>assinatura (interface) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A description of how to use a function, including the name and descriptions of the arguments and return value.</dd>

<dt>atribuição combinada (augmented assignment) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that updates the value of a variable using an operator like <code class="docutils literal">+=</code>.</dd>

<dt>atribuição (assignment) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that assigns a value to a variable.</dd>

<dt>atributo de classe (class attribute) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>An attribute associated with a class object. Class attributes are defined inside a class definition but outside any method.</dd>

<dt>atributo de instância (instance attribute) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>An attribute associated with an instance of a class.</dd>

<dt>atributo (attribute) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the named values associated with an object.</dd>

<dt>atualização (update) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>An assignment where the new value of the variable depends on the old.</dd>

<dt>avaliar (evaluate) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>To simplify an expression by performing the operations in order to yield a single value.</dd>

<dt>banco de dados (database) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A file whose contents are organized like a dictionary with keys that correspond to values.</dd>

<dd>An error in a program.</dd>

<dt>busca invertida (reverse lookup) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A dictionary operation that takes a value and finds one or more keys that map to it.</dd>

<dt>busca (search) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A pattern of traversal that stops when it finds what it is looking for.</dd>

<dt>busca (lookup) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A dictionary operation that takes a key and finds the corresponding value.</dd>

<dt>busca (search) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>The problem of locating an element of a collection (like a list or dictionary) or determining that it is not present.</dd>

<dt>cabeçalho (header) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>The first line of a function definition.</dd>

<dt>caminho absoluto (absolute path) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A path that starts from the topmost directory in the file system.</dd>

<dt>caminho relativo (relative path) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A path that starts from the current directory.</dd>

<dt>caminho (path) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A string that identifies a file.</dd>

<dt>capturar (catch) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>To prevent an exception from terminating a program using the try and except statements.</dd>

<dt>cardinalidade (multiplicity) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A notation in a class diagram that shows, for a HAS-A relationship, how many references there are to instances of another class.</dd>

<dd>A conditional branch in a recursive function that does not make a recursive call.</dd>

<dt>caso especial (special case) <a class="reference internal" href="09-case-word.html#glossary09">[9]</a></dt>

<dd>A test case that is atypical or non-obvious (and less likely to be handled correctly).</dd>

<dt>chamada de função (function call) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that runs a function. It consists of the function name followed by an argument list in parentheses.</dd>

<dt>chave (key) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that appears in a dictionary as the first part of a key-value pair.</dd>

<dt>classe base (parent class) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>The class from which a child class inherits.</dd>

<dt>classe derivada (child class) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A new class created by inheriting from an existing class; also called a “subclass”.</dd>

<dt>classe (class) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>A programmer-defined type. A class definition creates a new class object.</dd>

<dt>codificar (encode) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>To represent one set of values using another set of values by constructing a mapping between them.</dd>

<dt>código morto (dead code) <a class="reference internal" href="06-fruitful-fn.html#glossary06">[6]</a></dt>

<dd>Part of a program that can never run, often because it appears after a return statement.</dd>

<dt>código provisório (scaffolding) <a class="reference internal" href="06-fruitful-fn.html#glossary06">[6]</a></dt>

<dd>Code that is used during program development but is not part of the final version.</dd>

<dt>código provisório (slice) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A part of a string specified by a range of indices.</dd>

<dt>comentário (comment) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>Information in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program.</dd>

<dt>composição (composition) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>Using an expression as part of a larger expression, or a statement as part of a larger statement.</dd>

<dt>concatenar (concatenate) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>To join two operands end-to-end.</dd>

<dt>condição (condition) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>The boolean expression in a conditional statement that determines which branch runs.</dd>

<dt>condicional aninhado (nested conditional) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A conditional statement that appears in one of the branches of another conditional statement.</dd>

<dt>condicional encadeado (chained conditional) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A conditional statement with a series of alternative branches.</dd>

<dt>contador (counter) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A variable used to count something, usually initialized to zero and then incremented.</dd>

<dt>cópia profunda (deep copy) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>To copy the contents of an object as well as any embedded objects, and any objects embedded in them, and so on; implemented by the deepcopy function in the copy module.</dd>

<dt>cópia rasa (shallow copy) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>To copy the contents of an object, including any references to embedded objects; implemented by the copy function in the copy module.</dd>

<dt>corpo (body) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>The sequence of statements inside a function definition.</dd>

<dt>declaração (declaration) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement like global that tells the interpreter something about a variable.</dd>

<dt>decrementar (decrement) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>An update that decreases the value of a variable.</dd>

<dt>definição de função (function definition) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that creates a new function, specifying its name, parameters, and the statements it contains.</dd>

<dt>delimitador (delimiter) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A character or string used to indicate where a string should be split.</dd>

<dt>dependência (dependency) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A relationship between two classes where instances of one class use instances of the other class, but do not store them as attributes.</dd>

<dt>depuração com patinho de borracha (rubber duck debugging) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>Debugging by explaining your problem to an inanimate object such as a rubber duck. Articulating the problem can help you solve it, even if the rubber duck doesn’t know Python.</dd>

<dt>depuração (debugging) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of finding and correcting bugs.</dd>

<dt>desempacotamento de tupla (tuple assignment) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>An assignment with a sequence on the right side and a tuple of variables on the left. The right side is evaluated and then its elements are assigned to the variables on the left.</dd>

<dt>desenvolvimento incremental (incremental development) <a class="reference internal" href="06-fruitful-fn.html#glossary06">[6]</a></dt>

<dd>A program development plan intended to avoid debugging by adding and testing only a small amount of code at a time.</dd>

<dt>desenvolvimento planejado (designed development) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A development plan that involves high-level insight into the problem and more planning than incremental development or prototype development.</dd>

<dt>despacho por tipo (type-based dispatch) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>A programming pattern that checks the type of an operand and invokes different functions for different types.</dd>

<dt>desvio (branch) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the alternative sequences of statements in a conditional statement.</dd>

<dt>determinístico (deterministic) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>Pertaining to a program that does the same thing each time it runs, given the same inputs.</dd>

<dt>diagrama de chamadas (call graph) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A diagram that shows every frame created during the execution of a program, with an arrow from each caller to each callee.</dd>

<dt>diagrama de classe (class diagram) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A diagram that shows the classes in a program and the relationships between them.</dd>

<dt>diagrama de estado (state diagram) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A graphical representation of a set of variables and the values they refer to.</dd>

<dt>diagrama de objetos (object diagram) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>A diagram that shows objects, their attributes, and the values of the attributes.</dd>

<dt>diagrama de pilha (stack diagram) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A graphical representation of a stack of functions, their variables, and the values they refer to.</dd>

<dt>dicionário (dictionary) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A mapping from keys to their corresponding values.</dd>

<dt>diretório (directory) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A named collection of files, also called a folder.</dd>

<dt>divisão pelo piso (floor division) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>An operator, denoted //, that divides two numbers and rounds down (toward zero) to an integer.</dd>

<dt>docstring <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A string that appears at the top of a function definition to document the function’s interface.</dd>

<dt>elemento (element) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the values in a list (or other sequence), also called items.</dd>

<dt>encapsulamento de dados (data encapsulation) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A program development plan that involves a prototype using global variables and a final version that makes the global variables into instance attributes.</dd>

<dt>encapsulamento (encapsulation) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of transforming a sequence of statements into a function definition.</dd>

<dt>equivalente (equivalent) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>Having the same value.</dd>

<dt>erro semântico (semantic error) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended.</dd>

<dt>erro sintático (syntax error) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse (and therefore impossible to interpret).</dd>

<dt>errro estrutural (shape error) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>An error caused because a value has the wrong shape; that is, the wrong type or size.</dd>

<dt>estrutura de dados (data structure) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>A collection of related values, often organized in lists, dictionaries, tuples, etc.</dd>

<dt>exceção (exception) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>An error that is detected while the program is running.</dd>

<dt>executar (execute) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>To run a statement and do what it says.</dd>

<dt>explodir (scatter) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>The operation of treating a sequence as a list of arguments.</dd>

<dt>expressão booleana (boolean expression) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>An expression whose value is either True or False.</dd>

<dt>expressão condicional (conditional expression) <a class="reference internal" href="19-goodies.html#glossary19">[19]</a></dt>

<dd>An expression that has one of two values, depending on a condition.</dd>

<dt>expressão geradora (generator expression) <a class="reference internal" href="19-goodies.html#glossary19">[19]</a></dt>

<dd>An expression with a for loop in parentheses that yields a generator object.</dd>

<dt>expressão (expression) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A combination of variables, operators, and values that represents a single result.</dd>

<dt>fachada (veneer) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A method or function that provides a different interface to another function without doing much computation.</dd>

<dt>factory (fábrica) <a class="reference internal" href="19-goodies.html#glossary19">[19]</a></dt>

<dd>A function, usually passed as a parameter, used to create objects.</dd>

<dt>filtro (filter) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A processing pattern that traverses a list and selects the elements that satisfy some criterion.</dd>

<dt>flag (“indicador”) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A boolean variable used to indicate whether a condition is true.</dd>

<dt>fluxo de execução (flow of execution) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>The order statements run in.</dd>

<dt>frame () <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A box in a stack diagram that represents a function call. It contains the local variables and parameters of the function.</dd>

<dt>função de hash (hash function) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A function used by a hashtable to compute the location for a key.</dd>

<dt>função produtiva (fruitful function) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that returns a value.</dd>

<dt>função pura (pure function) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that does not modify any of the objects it receives as arguments. Most pure functions are fruitful.</dd>

<dt>função (function) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation. Functions may or may not take arguments and may or may not produce a result.</dd>

<dt>generalização (generalization) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of replacing something unnecessarily specific (like a number) with something appropriately general (like a variable or parameter).</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">global</code>, declaração (<code class="docutils literal">global</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that declares a variable name global.</dd>

<dt>guarda (guardian) <a class="reference internal" href="06-fruitful-fn.html#glossary06">[6]</a></dt>

<dd>A programming pattern that uses a conditional statement to check for and handle circumstances that might cause an error.</dd>

<dt>hashable () <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A type that has a hash function. Immutable types like integers, floats and strings are hashable; mutable types like lists and dictionaries are not.</dd>

<dt>herança (inheritance) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>The ability to define a new class that is a modified version of a previously defined class.</dd>

<dt>idêntico (identical) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>Being the same object (which implies equivalence).</dd>

<dt>implementação (implementation) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A way of performing a computation.</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">import</code>, instrução (<code class="docutils literal">import</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that reads a module file and creates a module object.</dd>

<dt>imutável (immutable) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>The property of a sequence whose items cannot be changed.</dd>

<dt>incrementar (increment) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>An update that increases the value of a variable (often by one).</dd>

<dt>índice (index) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>An integer value used to select an item in a sequence, such as a character in a string. In Python indices start from 0.</dd>

<dt>inicialização (initialization) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>An assignment that gives an initial value to a variable that will be updated.</dd>

<dt>instanciar (instantiate) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>To create a new object.</dd>

<dt>instância (instance) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that belongs to a class.</dd>

<dt>instrução composta (compound statement) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that consists of a header and a body. The header ends with a colon (:). The body is indented relative to the header.</dd>

<dt>instrução condicional (conditional statement) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that controls the flow of execution depending on some condition.</dd>

<dt>instrução (statement) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A section of code that represents a command or action. So far, the statements we have seen are assignments and print statements.</dd>

<dt>inteiro (integer) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A type that represents whole numbers.</dd>

<dt>interpretador (interpreter) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A program that reads another program and executes it</dd>

<dt>invariante (invariant) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A condition that should always be true during the execution of a program.</dd>

<dt>invocação (invocation) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that calls a method.</dd>

<dd>One of the values in a sequence.</dd>

<dd>In a dictionary, another name for a key-value pair.</dd>

<dt>iteração (iteration) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>Repeated execution of a set of statements using either a recursive function call or a loop.</dd>

<dt>iterador (iterator) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that can iterate through a sequence, but which does not provide list operators and methods.</dd>

<dt>laço infinito (infinite loop) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>A loop in which the terminating condition is never satisfied.</dd>

<dd>A part of a program that can run repeatedly.</dd>

<dt>linear (linear) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>An algorithm whose run time is proportional to problem size, at least for large problem sizes.</dd>

<dt>linguagem de alto nível (high-level language) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A programming language like Python that is designed to be easy for humans to read and write.</dd>

<dt>linguagem de baixo nível (low-level language) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A programming language that is designed to be easy for a computer to run; also called “machine language” or “assembly language”.</dd>

<dt>linguagem formal (formal language) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>Any one of the languages that people have designed for specific purposes, such as representing mathematical ideas or computer programs; all programming languages are formal languages.</dd>

<dt>linguagem natural (natural language) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>Any one of the languages that people speak that evolved naturally.</dd>

<dt>linguagem orientada a objetos (object-oriented language) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>A language that provides features, such as programmer-defined types and methods, that facilitate object-oriented programming.</dd>

<dt>lista aninhada (nested list) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A list that is an element of another list.</dd>

<dt>lista (list) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A sequence of values.</dd>

<dt>listcomp (list comprehension) <a class="reference internal" href="19-goodies.html#glossary19">[19]</a></dt>

<dd>An expression with a for loop in square brackets that yields a new list.</dd>

<dt>mapeamento (mapping) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A relationship in which each element of one set corresponds to an element of another set.</dd>

<dt>map (“mapear”, “de-para”) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A processing pattern that traverses a sequence and performs an operation on each element.</dd>

<dt>máquina-modelo (machine model) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>A simplified representation of a computer used to describe algorithms.</dd>

<dt>memo (“lembrete”) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A computed value stored to avoid unnecessary future computation.</dd>

<dt>método (method) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that is associated with an object and called using dot notation.</dd>

<dt>método (method) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that is defined inside a class definition and is invoked on instances of that class.</dd>

<dt>modificadora (modifier) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that changes one or more of the objects it receives as arguments. Most modifiers are void; that is, they return None.</dd>

<dt>modo de script (script mode) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A way of using the Python interpreter to read code from a script and run it.</dd>

<dt>modo interativo (interactive mode) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A way of using the Python interpreter by typing code at the prompt.</dd>

<dt>módulo (module) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A file that contains a collection of related functions and other definitions.</dd>

<dt>multiset (“multi-conjunto”) <a class="reference internal" href="19-goodies.html#glossary19">[19]</a></dt>

<dd>A mathematical entity that represents a mapping between the elements of a set and the number of times they appear.</dd>

<dd>A special value returned by void functions.</dd>

<dt>notação assintótica (Big-Oh notation) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>Notation for representing an order of growth; for example, O(n) represents the set of functions that grow linearly.</dd>

<dt>notação de ponto (dot notation) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>The syntax for calling a function in another module by specifying the module name followed by a dot (period) and the function name.</dd>

<dt>objeto-arquivo (file object) <a class="reference internal" href="09-case-word.html#glossary09">[9]</a></dt>

<dd>A value that represents an open file.</dd>

<dt>objeto <code class="docutils literal">bytes</code> (<code class="docutils literal">bytes</code> object) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>An object similar to a string.</dd>

<dt>objeto-classe (class object) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that contains information about a programmer-defined type. The class object can be used to create instances of the type.</dd>

<dt>objeto embutido (embedded object) <a class="reference internal" href="15-cls-object.html#glossary15">[15]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that is stored as an attribute of another object.</dd>

<dt>objeto-função (function object) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A value created by a function definition. The name of the function is a variable that refers to a function object.</dd>

<dt>objeto-módulo (module object) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A value created by an import statement that provides access to the values defined in a module.</dd>

<dt>objeto “pipe” (pipe object) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that represents a running program, allowing a Python program to run commands and read the results.</dd>

<dt>objeto <code class="docutils literal">zip</code> (<code class="docutils literal">zip</code> object) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>The result of calling a built-in function zip; an object that iterates through a sequence of tuples.</dd>

<dt>objeto (object) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>Something a variable can refer to. For now, you can use “object” and “value” interchangeably.</dd>

<dt>objeto (object) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>Something a variable can refer to. An object has a type and a value.</dd>

<dt>ocultação de informações (information hiding) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>The principle that the interface provided by an object should not depend on its implementation, in particular the representation of its attributes.</dd>

<dt>operador de formatação (format operator) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>An operator, %, that takes a format string and a tuple and generates a string that includes the elements of the tuple formatted as specified by the format string.</dd>

<dt>operador de módulo (modulus operator) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>An operator, denoted with a percent sign (%), that works on integers and returns the remainder when one number is divided by another.</dd>

<dt>operador lógico (logical operator) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the operators that combines boolean expressions: and, or, and not.</dd>

<dt>operador relacional (relational operator) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the operators that compares its operands: ==, !=, >, <, >=, and <=.</dd>

<dt>operador (operator) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A special symbol that represents a simple computation like addition, multiplication, or string concatenation.</dd>

<dt>operando (operand) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the values on which an operator operates.</dd>

<dt>ordem das operações (order of operations) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>Rules governing the order in which expressions involving multiple operators and operands are evaluated.</dd>

<dt>ordem de crescimento (order of growth) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>A set of functions that all grow in a way considered equivalent for purposes of analysis of algorithms. For example, all functions that grow linearly belong to the same order of growth.</dd>

<dt>palavra-chave (keyword) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A reserved word that is used to parse a program; you cannot use keywords like if, def, and while as variable names.</dd>

<dt>parâmetro (parameter) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A name used inside a function to refer to the value passed as an argument.</dd>

<dt>par chave-valor (key-value pair) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>The representation of the mapping from a key to a value.</dd>

<dt>percorrer (traverse) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>To iterate through the items in a sequence, performing a similar operation on each.</dd>

<dt>persistente (persistent) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>Pertaining to a program that runs indefinitely and keeps at least some of its data in permanent storage.</dd>

<dt>pior caso (worst case) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>The input that makes a given algorithm run slowest (or require the most space.</dd>

<dt>plano de desenvolvimento (development plan) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A process for writing programs.</dd>

<dt>polimórfico (polymorphic) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>Pertaining to a function that can work with more than one type.</dd>

<dt>ponto de cruzamento (crossover point) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>The problem size where two algorithms require the same run time or space.</dd>

<dt>ponto-flutuante (floating-point) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A type that represents numbers with fractional parts.</dd>

<dt>portabilidade (portability) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A property of a program that can run on more than one kind of computer.</dd>

<dt>pós-condição (postcondition) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A requirement that should be satisfied by the function before it ends.</dd>

<dt>pré-condição (precondition) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>A requirement that should be satisfied by the caller before a function starts.</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">print</code>, instrução (<code class="docutils literal">print</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>An instruction that causes the Python interpreter to display a value on the screen.</dd>

<dt>procedimento (void function) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A function that always returns None.</dd>

<dt>programação funcional (program) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A set of instructions that specifies a computation.</dd>

<dt>programação funcional (functional programming style) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A style of program design in which the majority of functions are pure.</dd>

<dt>programação orientada a objetos (object-oriented programming) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>A style of programming in which data and the operations that manipulate it are organized into classes and methods.</dd>

<dt>prompt (“sinal de pronto”) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>Characters displayed by the interpreter to indicate that it is ready to take input from the user.</dd>

<dt>prototipar e ajustar (prototype and patch) <a class="reference internal" href="16-cls-fn.html#glossary16">[16]</a></dt>

<dd>A development plan that involves writing a rough draft of a program, testing, and correcting errors as they are found.</dd>

<dt>pseudo-aleatório (pseudorandom) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>Pertaining to a sequence of numbers that appears to be random, but is generated by a deterministic program.</dd>

<dt>quadrático (quadratic) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>An algorithm whose run time is proportional to n^2, where n is a measure of problem size.</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">raise</code>, instrução (<code class="docutils literal">raise</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that (deliberately) raises an exception.</dd>

<dt>reatribuição (reassignment) <a class="reference internal" href="07-iteration.html#glossary07">[7]</a></dt>

<dd>Assigning a new value to a variable that already exists.</dd>

<dt>recursão infinita (infinite recursion) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A recursion that doesn’t have a base case, or never reaches it. Eventually, an infinite recursion causes a runtime error.</dd>

<dt>recursão (recursion) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of calling the function that is currently executing.</dd>

<dt>redução a um problema resolvido (reduction to a previously solved problem) <a class="reference internal" href="09-case-word.html#glossary09">[9]</a></dt>

<dd>A way of solving a problem by expressing it as an instance of a previously solved problem.</dd>

<dt>reduzir (reduce) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>A processing pattern that traverses a sequence and accumulates the elements into a single result.</dd>

<dt>refatoração (refactoring) <a class="reference internal" href="04-case-ui.html#glossary04">[4]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of modifying a working program to improve function interfaces and other qualities of the code.</dd>

<dt>referência (reference) <a class="reference internal" href="10-list.html#glossary10">[10]</a></dt>

<dd>The association between a variable and its value.</dd>

<dt>relação É-UM (IS-A relationship) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A relationship between a child class and its parent class.</dd>

<dt>relação TEM-UM (HAS-A relationship) <a class="reference internal" href="18-inherit.html#glossary18">[18]</a></dt>

<dd>A relationship between two classes where instances of one class contain references to instances of the other.</dd>

<dt><code class="docutils literal">return</code>, instrução (<code class="docutils literal">return</code> statement) <a class="reference internal" href="05-cond-recur.html#glossary05">[5]</a></dt>

<dd>A statement that causes a function to end immediately and return to the caller.</dd>

<dt>reunir (gather) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>The operation of assembling a variable-length argument tuple.</dd>

<dt>script <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A program stored in a file.</dd>

<dt>semântica (semantics) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>The meaning of a program.</dd>

<dt>sequência de formatação (sequence) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>An ordered collection of values where each value is identified by an integer index.</dd>

<dt>sequência de formatação (format sequence) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A sequence of characters in a format string, like %d, that specifies how a value should be formatted.</dd>

<dt>shell <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A program that allows users to type commands and then executes them by starting other programs.</dd>

<dt>singleton <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A list (or other sequence) with a single element.</dd>

<dt>sintaxe (syntax) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>The rules that govern the structure of a program.</dd>

<dt>sobrecarga de operadores (operator overloading) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>Changing the behavior of an operator like + so it works with a programmer-defined type.</dd>

<dt>sobrepor (override) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>To replace a default value with an argument.</dd>

<dt>solução de problemas (problem solving) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of formulating a problem, finding a solution, and expressing it.</dd>

<dt>string de formatação (format string) <a class="reference internal" href="14-file.html#glossary14">[14]</a></dt>

<dd>A string, used with the format operator, that contains format sequences.</dd>

<dt>string vazia (empty string) <a class="reference internal" href="08-string.html#glossary08">[8]</a></dt>

<dd>A string with no characters and length 0, represented by two quotation marks.</dd>

<dt>string (“cadeia de caracteres”) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>A type that represents sequences of characters.</dd>

<dt>sujeito (subject) <a class="reference internal" href="17-cls-meth.html#glossary17">[17]</a></dt>

<dd>The object a method is invoked on.</dd>

<dt>tabela de hash (hashtable) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>The algorithm used to implement Python dictionaries.</dd>

<dt>tabela de hash (hashtable) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>A data structure that represents a collection of key-value pairs and performs search in constant time.</dd>

<dt>termo dominante (leading term) <a class="reference internal" href="B-analysis-alg.html#glossaryb">[B]</a></dt>

<dd>In a polynomial, the term with the highest exponent.</dd>

<dt>teste de desempenho (benchmarking) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>The process of choosing between data structures by implementing alternatives and testing them on a sample of the possible inputs.</dd>

<dd>A category of values. The types we have seen so far are integers (type int), floating-point numbers (type float), and strings (type str).</dd>

<dt>token (“símbolo”) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the basic elements of the syntactic structure of a program, analogous to a word in a natural language.</dd>

<dt>traceback () <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A list of the functions that are executing, printed when an exception occurs.</dd>

<dt>tupla (tuple) <a class="reference internal" href="12-tuple.html#glossary12">[12]</a></dt>

<dd>An immutable sequence of elements.</dd>

<dt>valor default (default value) <a class="reference internal" href="13-case-struct.html#glossary13">[13]</a></dt>

<dd>The value given to an optional parameter if no argument is provided.</dd>

<dt>valor devolvido (return value) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>The result of a function. If a function call is used as an expression, the return value is the value of the expression.</dd>

<dt>valor (value) <a class="reference internal" href="01-the-way.html#glossary01">[1]</a></dt>

<dd>One of the basic units of data, like a number or string, that a program manipulates.</dd>

<dt>valor (value) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>An object that appears in a dictionary as the second part of a key-value pair. This is more specific than our previous use of the word “value”.</dd>

<dt>variável global (global variable) <a class="reference internal" href="11-dict.html#glossary11">[11]</a></dt>

<dd>A variable defined outside a function. Global variables can be accessed from any function.</dd>

<dt>variável local (local variable) <a class="reference internal" href="03-function.html#glossary03">[3]</a></dt>

<dd>A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function.</dd>

<dt>variável temporária (temporary variable) <a class="reference internal" href="06-fruitful-fn.html#glossary06">[6]</a></dt>

<dd>A variable used to store an intermediate value in a complex calculation.</dd>

<dt>variável (variable) <a class="reference internal" href="02-statement.html#glossary02">[2]</a></dt>

<dd>A name that refers to a value.</dd>

</dl>

</div>

<h3>Related Topics</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>

<li>Previous: <a href="B-analysis-alg.html" title="previous chapter">Analysis of Algorithms</a></li>

</ul></li>

</ul>

</div>

<li><a href="_sources/C-glossary.txt"

rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h3>Quick search</h3>

</form>

Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.

</div>

</div>

</div>

& <a href="https://github.com/bitprophet/alabaster">Alabaster 0.7.6</a>

<a href="_sources/C-glossary.txt"

rel="nofollow">Page source</a>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Provide feedback

Saved searches

Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly

FilesExpand file tree

C-glossary.html

Latest commit

History

C-glossary.html

File metadata and controls