import atexit
import os
import sys
import pickle
import shutil
import unittest
from itertools import zip_longest
from tempfile import mkdtemp, mktemp

import numpy as np
import pytest
from numcodecs import (BZ2, JSON, LZ4, Blosc, Categorize, Delta,
                       FixedScaleOffset, GZip, MsgPack, Pickle, VLenArray,
                       VLenBytes, VLenUTF8, Zlib)
from numcodecs.compat import ensure_bytes, ensure_ndarray
from numcodecs.tests.common import greetings
from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_array_equal
from pkg_resources import parse_version

from zarr.core import Array
from zarr.meta import json_loads
from zarr.n5 import N5Store, N5FSStore, n5_keywords
from zarr.storage import (
    ABSStore,
    DBMStore,
    DirectoryStore,
    FSStore,
    KVStore,
    LMDBStore,
    LRUStoreCache,
    NestedDirectoryStore,
    SQLiteStore,
    atexit_rmglob,
    atexit_rmtree,
    init_array,
    init_group,
)
from zarr.util import buffer_size
from zarr.tests.util import abs_container, skip_test_env_var, have_fsspec

# noinspection PyMethodMayBeStatic


class TestArray(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_array_init(self):

        # normal initialization
        store = KVStore(dict())
        init_array(store, shape=100, chunks=10, dtype="<f8")
        a = Array(store)
        assert isinstance(a, Array)
        assert (100,) == a.shape
        assert (10,) == a.chunks
        assert '' == a.path
        assert a.name is None
        assert a.basename is None
        assert store is a.store
        assert "8fecb7a17ea1493d9c1430d04437b4f5b0b34985" == a.hexdigest()
        store.close()

        # initialize at path
        store = KVStore(dict())
        init_array(store, shape=100, chunks=10, path='foo/bar', dtype='<f8')
        a = Array(store, path='foo/bar')
        assert isinstance(a, Array)
        assert (100,) == a.shape
        assert (10,) == a.chunks
        assert 'foo/bar' == a.path
        assert '/foo/bar' == a.name
        assert 'bar' == a.basename
        assert store is a.store
        assert "8fecb7a17ea1493d9c1430d04437b4f5b0b34985" == a.hexdigest()

        # store not initialized
        store = KVStore(dict())
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            Array(store)

        # group is in the way
        store = KVStore(dict())
        init_group(store, path='baz')
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            Array(store, path='baz')

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(level=1))
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_store_has_text_keys(self):
        # Initialize array
        np.random.seed(42)
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='f8', compressor=[])
        z[:] = np.random.random(z.shape)

        expected_type = str

        for k in z.chunk_store.keys():
            if not isinstance(k, expected_type):  # pragma: no cover
                pytest.fail("Non-text key: %s" % repr(k))

        z.store.close()

    def test_store_has_binary_values(self):
        # Initialize array
        np.random.seed(42)
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='f8', compressor=[])
        z[:] = np.random.random(z.shape)

        for v in z.chunk_store.values():
            try:
                ensure_ndarray(v)
            except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
                pytest.fail("Non-bytes-like value: %s" % repr(v))

        z.store.close()

    def test_store_has_bytes_values(self):
        # Test that many stores do hold bytes values.
        # Though this is not a strict requirement.
        # Should be disabled by any stores that fail this as needed.

        # Initialize array
        np.random.seed(42)
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='f8', compressor=[])
        z[:] = np.random.random(z.shape)

        # Check in-memory array only contains `bytes`
        assert all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in z.chunk_store.values())

        z.store.close()

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):

        # dict as store
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored
        z[:] = 42
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored

        # mess with store
        try:
            z.store[z._key_prefix + 'foo'] = list(range(10))
            assert -1 == z.nbytes_stored
        except TypeError:
            pass

        z.store.close()

    # noinspection PyStatementEffect
    def test_array_1d(self):
        a = np.arange(1050)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype)

        # check properties
        assert len(a) == len(z)
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (100,) == z.chunks
        assert a.nbytes == z.nbytes
        assert 11 == z.nchunks
        assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
        assert (11,) == z.cdata_shape

        # check empty
        b = z[:]
        assert isinstance(b, np.ndarray)
        assert a.shape == b.shape
        assert a.dtype == b.dtype

        # check attributes
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert 'bar' == z.attrs['foo']

        # set data
        z[:] = a

        # check properties
        assert a.nbytes == z.nbytes
        assert 11 == z.nchunks
        assert 11 == z.nchunks_initialized

        # check slicing
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        # noinspection PyTypeChecker
        assert_array_equal(a, z[slice(None)])
        assert_array_equal(a[:10], z[:10])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20], z[10:20])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:], z[-10:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:10, ...], z[:10, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20, ...], z[10:20, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:, ...], z[-10:, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., :10], z[..., :10])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 10:20], z[..., 10:20])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., -10:], z[..., -10:])
        # ...across chunk boundaries...
        assert_array_equal(a[:110], z[:110])
        assert_array_equal(a[190:310], z[190:310])
        assert_array_equal(a[-110:], z[-110:])
        # single item
        assert a[0] == z[0]
        assert a[-1] == z[-1]
        # unusual integer items
        assert a[42] == z[np.int64(42)]
        assert a[42] == z[np.int32(42)]
        assert a[42] == z[np.uint64(42)]
        assert a[42] == z[np.uint32(42)]
        # too many indices
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, :]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0, :]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, 0]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0, 0]
        # only single ellipsis allowed
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[..., ...]

        # check partial assignment
        b = np.arange(1e5, 2e5)
        z[190:310] = b[190:310]
        assert_array_equal(a[:190], z[:190])
        assert_array_equal(b[190:310], z[190:310])
        assert_array_equal(a[310:], z[310:])

        z.store.close()

    def test_array_1d_fill_value(self):
        for fill_value in -1, 0, 1, 10:

            a = np.arange(1050)
            f = np.empty_like(a)
            f.fill(fill_value)
            z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype,
                                  fill_value=fill_value)
            z[190:310] = a[190:310]

            assert_array_equal(f[:190], z[:190])
            assert_array_equal(a[190:310], z[190:310])
            assert_array_equal(f[310:], z[310:])

            z.store.close()

    def test_array_1d_set_scalar(self):
        # test setting the contents of an array with a scalar value

        # setup
        a = np.zeros(100)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=10, dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        for value in -1, 0, 1, 10:
            a[15:35] = value
            z[15:35] = value
            assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
            a[:] = value
            z[:] = value
            assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        z.store.close()

    def test_array_1d_selections(self):
        # light test here, full tests in test_indexing

        # setup
        a = np.arange(1050)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a

        # get
        assert_array_equal(a[50:150], z.get_orthogonal_selection(slice(50, 150)))
        assert_array_equal(a[50:150], z.oindex[50: 150])
        ix = [99, 100, 101]
        bix = np.zeros_like(a, dtype=bool)
        bix[ix] = True
        assert_array_equal(a[ix], z.get_orthogonal_selection(ix))
        assert_array_equal(a[ix], z.oindex[ix])
        assert_array_equal(a[ix], z.get_coordinate_selection(ix))
        assert_array_equal(a[ix], z.vindex[ix])
        assert_array_equal(a[bix], z.get_mask_selection(bix))
        assert_array_equal(a[bix], z.oindex[bix])
        assert_array_equal(a[bix], z.vindex[bix])

        # set
        z.set_orthogonal_selection(slice(50, 150), 1)
        assert_array_equal(1, z[50:150])
        z.oindex[50:150] = 2
        assert_array_equal(2, z[50:150])
        z.set_orthogonal_selection(ix, 3)
        assert_array_equal(3, z.get_coordinate_selection(ix))
        z.oindex[ix] = 4
        assert_array_equal(4, z.oindex[ix])
        z.set_coordinate_selection(ix, 5)
        assert_array_equal(5, z.get_coordinate_selection(ix))
        z.vindex[ix] = 6
        assert_array_equal(6, z.vindex[ix])
        z.set_mask_selection(bix, 7)
        assert_array_equal(7, z.get_mask_selection(bix))
        z.vindex[bix] = 8
        assert_array_equal(8, z.vindex[bix])
        z.oindex[bix] = 9
        assert_array_equal(9, z.oindex[bix])

        z.store.close()

    # noinspection PyStatementEffect
    def test_array_2d(self):
        a = np.arange(10000).reshape((1000, 10))
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=(100, 2), dtype=a.dtype)

        # check properties
        assert len(a) == len(z)
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (100, 2) == z.chunks
        assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
        assert (10, 5) == z.cdata_shape

        # set data
        z[:] = a

        # check properties
        assert a.nbytes == z.nbytes
        assert 50 == z.nchunks_initialized

        # check array-like
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))

        # check slicing

        # total slice
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        # noinspection PyTypeChecker
        assert_array_equal(a, z[slice(None)])

        # slice first dimension
        assert_array_equal(a[:10], z[:10])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20], z[10:20])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:], z[-10:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:10, :], z[:10, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20, :], z[10:20, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:, :], z[-10:, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[:10, ...], z[:10, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20, ...], z[10:20, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:, ...], z[-10:, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[:10, :, ...], z[:10, :, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20, :, ...], z[10:20, :, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:, :, ...], z[-10:, :, ...])

        # slice second dimension
        assert_array_equal(a[:, :2], z[:, :2])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, 2:4], z[:, 2:4])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, -2:], z[:, -2:])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., :2], z[..., :2])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 2:4], z[..., 2:4])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., -2:], z[..., -2:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, ..., :2], z[:, ..., :2])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, ..., 2:4], z[:, ..., 2:4])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, ..., -2:], z[:, ..., -2:])

        # slice both dimensions
        assert_array_equal(a[:10, :2], z[:10, :2])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:20, 2:4], z[10:20, 2:4])
        assert_array_equal(a[-10:, -2:], z[-10:, -2:])

        # slicing across chunk boundaries
        assert_array_equal(a[:110], z[:110])
        assert_array_equal(a[190:310], z[190:310])
        assert_array_equal(a[-110:], z[-110:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:110, :], z[:110, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[190:310, :], z[190:310, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[-110:, :], z[-110:, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, :3], z[:, :3])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, 3:7], z[:, 3:7])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, -3:], z[:, -3:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:110, :3], z[:110, :3])
        assert_array_equal(a[190:310, 3:7], z[190:310, 3:7])
        assert_array_equal(a[-110:, -3:], z[-110:, -3:])

        # single row/col/item
        assert_array_equal(a[0], z[0])
        assert_array_equal(a[-1], z[-1])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, 0], z[:, 0])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, -1], z[:, -1])
        assert a[0, 0] == z[0, 0]
        assert a[-1, -1] == z[-1, -1]

        # too many indices
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, :, :]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0, :, :]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, 0, :]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, :, 0]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0, 0, 0]
        # only single ellipsis allowed
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[..., ...]

        # check partial assignment
        b = np.arange(10000, 20000).reshape((1000, 10))
        z[190:310, 3:7] = b[190:310, 3:7]
        assert_array_equal(a[:190], z[:190])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, :3], z[:, :3])
        assert_array_equal(b[190:310, 3:7], z[190:310, 3:7])
        assert_array_equal(a[310:], z[310:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:, 7:], z[:, 7:])

        z.store.close()

    def test_array_2d_edge_case(self):
        # this fails with filters - chunks extend beyond edge of array, messes with delta
        # filter if no fill value?
        shape = 1000, 10
        chunks = 300, 30
        dtype = 'i8'
        z = self.create_array(shape=shape, dtype=dtype, chunks=chunks)
        z[:] = 0
        expect = np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype)
        actual = z[:]
        assert_array_equal(expect, actual)

        z.store.close()

    def test_array_2d_partial(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1000, 10), chunks=(100, 2), dtype='i4',
                              fill_value=0)

        # check partial assignment, single row
        c = np.arange(z.shape[1])
        z[0, :] = c
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            # N.B., NumPy allows this, but we'll be strict for now
            z[2:3] = c
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            # N.B., NumPy allows this, but we'll be strict for now
            z[-1:] = c
        z[2:3] = c[None, :]
        z[-1:] = c[None, :]
        assert_array_equal(c, z[0, :])
        assert_array_equal(c, z[2, :])
        assert_array_equal(c, z[-1, :])

        # check partial assignment, single column
        d = np.arange(z.shape[0])
        z[:, 0] = d
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z[:, 2:3] = d
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z[:, -1:] = d
        z[:, 2:3] = d[:, None]
        z[:, -1:] = d[:, None]
        assert_array_equal(d, z[:, 0])
        assert_array_equal(d, z[:, 2])
        assert_array_equal(d, z[:, -1])

        # check single item assignment
        z[0, 0] = -1
        z[2, 2] = -1
        z[-1, -1] = -1
        assert -1 == z[0, 0]
        assert -1 == z[2, 2]
        assert -1 == z[-1, -1]

        z.store.close()

    def test_array_order(self):

        # 1D
        a = np.arange(1050)
        for order in 'C', 'F':
            z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype,
                                  order=order)
            assert order == z.order
            if order == 'F':
                assert z[:].flags.f_contiguous
            else:
                assert z[:].flags.c_contiguous
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

            z.store.close()

        # 2D
        a = np.arange(10000).reshape((100, 100))
        for order in 'C', 'F':
            z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=(10, 10),
                                  dtype=a.dtype, order=order)
            assert order == z.order
            if order == 'F':
                assert z[:].flags.f_contiguous
            else:
                assert z[:].flags.c_contiguous
            z[:] = a
            actual = z[:]
            assert_array_equal(a, actual)

            z.store.close()

    def test_setitem_data_not_shared(self):
        # check that data don't end up being shared with another array
        # https://github.com/alimanfoo/zarr/issues/79
        z = self.create_array(shape=20, chunks=10, dtype='i4')
        a = np.arange(20, dtype='i4')
        z[:] = a
        assert_array_equal(z[:], np.arange(20, dtype='i4'))
        a[:] = 0
        assert_array_equal(z[:], np.arange(20, dtype='i4'))
        z.store.close()

    def expected(self):
        return [
            "063b02ff8d9d3bab6da932ad5828b506ef0a6578",
            "f97b84dc9ffac807415f750100108764e837bb82",
            "c7190ad2bea1e9d2e73eaa2d3ca9187be1ead261",
            "14470724dca6c1837edddedc490571b6a7f270bc",
            "2a1046dd99b914459b3e86be9dde05027a07d209",
        ]

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        found = []

        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())
        z.store.close()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())
        z.store.close()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())
        z.store.close()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())
        z.store.close()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        found.append(z.hexdigest())
        z.store.close()

        assert self.expected() == found

    def test_resize_1d(self):

        z = self.create_array(shape=105, chunks=10, dtype='i4',
                              fill_value=0)
        a = np.arange(105, dtype='i4')
        z[:] = a
        assert (105,) == z.shape
        assert (105,) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        z.resize(205)
        assert (205,) == z.shape
        assert (205,) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:105])
        assert_array_equal(np.zeros(100, dtype='i4'), z[105:])

        z.resize(55)
        assert (55,) == z.shape
        assert (55,) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a[:55], z[:])

        # via shape setter
        z.shape = (105,)
        assert (105,) == z.shape
        assert (105,) == z[:].shape

        z.store.close()

    def test_resize_2d(self):

        z = self.create_array(shape=(105, 105), chunks=(10, 10), dtype='i4',
                              fill_value=0)
        a = np.arange(105*105, dtype='i4').reshape((105, 105))
        z[:] = a
        assert (105, 105) == z.shape
        assert (105, 105) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        z.resize((205, 205))
        assert (205, 205) == z.shape
        assert (205, 205) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:105, :105])
        assert_array_equal(np.zeros((100, 205), dtype='i4'), z[105:, :])
        assert_array_equal(np.zeros((205, 100), dtype='i4'), z[:, 105:])

        z.resize((55, 55))
        assert (55, 55) == z.shape
        assert (55, 55) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a[:55, :55], z[:])

        z.resize((55, 1))
        assert (55, 1) == z.shape
        assert (55, 1) == z[:].shape
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z.dtype
        assert np.dtype('i4') == z[:].dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a[:55, :1], z[:])

        # via shape setter
        z.shape = (105, 105)
        assert (105, 105) == z.shape
        assert (105, 105) == z[:].shape

        z.store.close()

    def test_append_1d(self):

        a = np.arange(105)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=10, dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        b = np.arange(105, 205)
        e = np.append(a, b)
        z.append(b)
        assert e.shape == z.shape
        assert e.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(e, z[:])

        # check append handles array-like
        c = [1, 2, 3]
        f = np.append(e, c)
        z.append(c)
        assert f.shape == z.shape
        assert f.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10,) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(f, z[:])

        z.store.close()

    def test_append_2d(self):

        a = np.arange(105*105, dtype='i4').reshape((105, 105))
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=(10, 10), dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        actual = z[:]
        assert_array_equal(a, actual)

        b = np.arange(105*105, 2*105*105, dtype='i4').reshape((105, 105))
        e = np.append(a, b, axis=0)
        z.append(b)
        assert e.shape == z.shape
        assert e.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        actual = z[:]
        assert_array_equal(e, actual)

        z.store.close()

    def test_append_2d_axis(self):

        a = np.arange(105*105, dtype='i4').reshape((105, 105))
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=(10, 10), dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        b = np.arange(105*105, 2*105*105, dtype='i4').reshape((105, 105))
        e = np.append(a, b, axis=1)
        z.append(b, axis=1)
        assert e.shape == z.shape
        assert e.dtype == z.dtype
        assert (10, 10) == z.chunks
        assert_array_equal(e, z[:])

        z.store.close()

    def test_append_bad_shape(self):
        a = np.arange(100)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=10, dtype=a.dtype)
        z[:] = a
        b = a.reshape(10, 10)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z.append(b)
        z.store.close()

    def test_read_only(self):

        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        assert not z.read_only
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, read_only=True)
        assert z.read_only
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z[:] = 42
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.resize(2000)
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.append(np.arange(1000))
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.set_basic_selection(Ellipsis, 42)
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.set_orthogonal_selection([0, 1, 2], 42)
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.oindex[[0, 1, 2]] = 42
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.set_coordinate_selection([0, 1, 2], 42)
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.vindex[[0, 1, 2]] = 42
        with pytest.raises(PermissionError):
            z.set_mask_selection(np.ones(z.shape, dtype=bool), 42)

        z.store.close()

    def test_pickle(self):

        # setup array
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, dtype=int, cache_metadata=False,
                              cache_attrs=False)
        shape = z.shape
        chunks = z.chunks
        dtype = z.dtype
        compressor_config = None
        if z.compressor:
            compressor_config = z.compressor.get_config()
        fill_value = z.fill_value
        cache_metadata = z._cache_metadata
        attrs_cache = z.attrs.cache
        a = np.random.randint(0, 1000, 1000)
        z[:] = a

        # round trip through pickle
        dump = pickle.dumps(z)
        # some stores cannot be opened twice at the same time, need to close
        # store before can round-trip through pickle
        z.store.close()
        z2 = pickle.loads(dump)

        # verify
        assert shape == z2.shape
        assert chunks == z2.chunks
        assert dtype == z2.dtype
        if z2.compressor:
            assert compressor_config == z2.compressor.get_config()
        assert fill_value == z2.fill_value
        assert cache_metadata == z2._cache_metadata
        assert attrs_cache == z2.attrs.cache
        assert_array_equal(a, z2[:])

        z2.store.close()

    def test_np_ufuncs(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=(100, 100), chunks=(10, 10))
        a = np.arange(10000).reshape(100, 100)
        z[:] = a

        assert np.sum(a) == np.sum(z)
        assert_array_equal(np.sum(a, axis=0), np.sum(z, axis=0))
        assert np.mean(a) == np.mean(z)
        assert_array_equal(np.mean(a, axis=1), np.mean(z, axis=1))
        condition = np.random.randint(0, 2, size=100, dtype=bool)
        assert_array_equal(np.compress(condition, a, axis=0),
                           np.compress(condition, z, axis=0))
        indices = np.random.choice(100, size=50, replace=True)
        assert_array_equal(np.take(a, indices, axis=1),
                           np.take(z, indices, axis=1))

        z.store.close()

        # use zarr array as indices or condition
        zc = self.create_array(shape=condition.shape, dtype=condition.dtype,
                               chunks=10, filters=None)
        zc[:] = condition
        assert_array_equal(np.compress(condition, a, axis=0),
                           np.compress(zc, a, axis=0))
        zc.store.close()

        zi = self.create_array(shape=indices.shape, dtype=indices.dtype,
                               chunks=10, filters=None)
        zi[:] = indices
        # this triggers __array__() call with dtype argument
        assert_array_equal(np.take(a, indices, axis=1),
                           np.take(a, zi, axis=1))
        zi.store.close()

    # noinspection PyStatementEffect
    def test_0len_dim_1d(self):
        # Test behaviour for 1D array with zero-length dimension.

        z = self.create_array(shape=0, fill_value=0)
        a = np.zeros(0)
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert a.size == z.size
        assert 0 == z.nchunks

        # cannot make a good decision when auto-chunking if a dimension has zero length,
        # fall back to 1 for now
        assert (1,) == z.chunks

        # check __getitem__
        assert isinstance(z[:], np.ndarray)
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        assert_array_equal(a[0:0], z[0:0])
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0]

        # check __setitem__
        # these should succeed but do nothing
        z[:] = 42
        z[...] = 42
        # this should error
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0] = 42

        z.store.close()

    # noinspection PyStatementEffect
    def test_0len_dim_2d(self):
        # Test behavioud for 2D array with a zero-length dimension.

        z = self.create_array(shape=(10, 0), fill_value=0)
        a = np.zeros((10, 0))
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert a.size == z.size
        assert 0 == z.nchunks

        # cannot make a good decision when auto-chunking if a dimension has zero length,
        # fall back to 1 for now
        assert (10, 1) == z.chunks

        # check __getitem__
        assert isinstance(z[:], np.ndarray)
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        assert_array_equal(a[0], z[0])
        assert_array_equal(a[0, 0:0], z[0, 0:0])
        assert_array_equal(a[0, :], z[0, :])
        assert_array_equal(a[0, 0:0], z[0, 0:0])
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, 0]

        # check __setitem__
        # these should succeed but do nothing
        z[:] = 42
        z[...] = 42
        z[0, :] = 42
        # this should error
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:, 0] = 42

        z.store.close()

    # noinspection PyStatementEffect
    def test_array_0d(self):
        # test behaviour for array with 0 dimensions

        # setup
        a = np.zeros(())
        z = self.create_array(shape=(), dtype=a.dtype, fill_value=0, write_empty_chunks=False)

        # check properties
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.size == z.size
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert a.nbytes == z.nbytes
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            len(z)
        assert () == z.chunks
        assert 1 == z.nchunks
        assert (1,) == z.cdata_shape
        # compressor always None - no point in compressing a single value
        assert z.compressor is None

        # check __getitem__
        b = z[...]
        assert isinstance(b, np.ndarray)
        assert a.shape == b.shape
        assert a.dtype == b.dtype
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        assert a[()] == z[()]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:]

        # check __setitem__
        z[...] = 42
        assert 42 == z[()]
        z[()] = 43
        assert 43 == z[()]
        z[()] = z.fill_value
        assert z.fill_value == z[()]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0] = 42
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:] = 42
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z[...] = np.array([1, 2, 3])

        z.store.close()

    def test_nchunks_initialized(self):
        for fill_value in (0, 1.0, np.nan):
            if isinstance(fill_value, int):
                dtype = 'int'
            else:
                dtype = 'float'
            z = self.create_array(shape=100,
                                  chunks=10,
                                  fill_value=fill_value,
                                  dtype=dtype,
                                  write_empty_chunks=True)

            assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
            # manually put something into the store to confuse matters
            z.store['foo'] = b'bar'
            assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
            z[:] = 42
            assert 10 == z.nchunks_initialized
            # manually remove the first chunk from the store
            del z.chunk_store[z._chunk_key((0,))]
            assert 9 == z.nchunks_initialized

            z.store.close()

    def test_array_dtype_shape(self):

        dt = "(2, 2)f4"
        # setup some data
        d = np.array([((0, 1),
                       (1, 2)),
                      ((1, 2),
                       (2, 3)),
                      ((2, 3),
                       (3, 4))],
                     dtype=dt)

        for a in (d, d[:0]):
            for fill_value in None, 0:
                z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape[:-2], chunks=2, dtype=dt, fill_value=fill_value)
                assert len(a) == len(z)
                if fill_value is not None:
                    assert fill_value == z.fill_value
                z[...] = a
                assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
                z.store.close()

    def check_structured_array(self, d, fill_values):
        for a in (d, d[:0]):
            for fill_value in fill_values:
                z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=2, dtype=a.dtype, fill_value=fill_value)
                assert len(a) == len(z)
                assert a.shape == z.shape
                assert a.dtype == z.dtype

                # check use of fill value before array is initialised with data
                if fill_value is not None:
                    if fill_value == b'':
                        # numpy 1.14 compatibility
                        np_fill_value = np.array(fill_value, dtype=a.dtype.str).view(a.dtype)[()]
                    else:
                        np_fill_value = np.array(fill_value, dtype=a.dtype)[()]
                    assert np_fill_value == z.fill_value
                    if len(a):
                        assert np_fill_value == z[0]
                        assert np_fill_value == z[-1]
                        empty = np.empty_like(a)
                        empty[:] = np_fill_value
                        assert empty[0] == z[0]
                        assert_array_equal(empty[0:2], z[0:2])
                        assert_array_equal(empty, z[...])
                        for f in a.dtype.names:
                            assert_array_equal(empty[f], z[f])

                # store data in array
                z[...] = a

                # check stored data
                if len(a):
                    assert a[0] == z[0]
                    assert a[-1] == z[-1]
                    assert_array_equal(a[0:2], z[0:2])
                    assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
                    for f in a.dtype.names:
                        assert_array_equal(a[f], z[f])

                z.store.close()

    def test_structured_array(self):
        d = np.array([(b'aaa', 1, 4.2),
                      (b'bbb', 2, 8.4),
                      (b'ccc', 3, 12.6)],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'S3'), ('bar', 'i4'), ('baz', 'f8')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (b'zzz', 42, 16.8)
        self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_structured_array_subshapes(self):
        d = np.array([(0, ((0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)), b'aaa'),
                      (1, ((1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)), b'bbb'),
                      (2, ((2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5)), b'ccc')],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', '(2, 3)f4'), ('baz', 'S3')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (0, ((0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)), b'zzz')
        self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_structured_array_nested(self):
        d = np.array([(0, (0, ((0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)), 0), b'aaa'),
                      (1, (1, ((1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)), 1), b'bbb'),
                      (2, (2, ((2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)), 2), b'ccc')],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', [('foo', 'i4'), ('bar', '(3, 2)f4'),
                                                    ('baz', 'u1')]), ('baz', 'S3')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (0, (0, ((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)), 0), b'zzz')
        self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_dtypes(self):

        # integers
        for dtype in 'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8', 'i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8':
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=dtype)
            assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
            a = np.arange(z.shape[0], dtype=dtype)
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
            z.store.close()

        # floats
        for dtype in 'f2', 'f4', 'f8':
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=dtype)
            assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
            a = np.linspace(0, 1, z.shape[0], dtype=dtype)
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_almost_equal(a, z[:])
            z.store.close()

        # complex
        for dtype in 'c8', 'c16':
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=dtype)
            assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
            a = np.linspace(0, 1, z.shape[0], dtype=dtype)
            a -= 1j * a
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_almost_equal(a, z[:])
            z.store.close()

        # datetime, timedelta
        for base_type in 'Mm':
            for resolution in 'D', 'us', 'ns':
                dtype = '{}8[{}]'.format(base_type, resolution)
                z = self.create_array(shape=100, dtype=dtype, fill_value=0)
                assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
                a = np.random.randint(np.iinfo('i8').min, np.iinfo('i8').max,
                                      size=z.shape[0],
                                      dtype='i8').view(dtype)
                z[:] = a
                assert_array_equal(a, z[:])
                z.store.close()

        # check that datetime generic units are not allowed
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=100, dtype='M8')
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=100, dtype='m8')

    def test_object_arrays(self):

        # an object_codec is required for object arrays
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object)

        # an object_codec is required for object arrays, but allow to be provided via
        # filters to maintain API backwards compatibility
        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, filters=[MsgPack()])
        z.store.close()

        # create an object array using msgpack
        z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, object_codec=MsgPack())
        z[0] = 'foo'
        assert z[0] == 'foo'
        z[1] = b'bar'
        assert z[1] == b'bar'
        z[2] = 1
        assert z[2] == 1
        z[3] = [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        assert z[3] == [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        z[4] = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        assert z[4] == {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        a = z[:]
        assert a.dtype == object
        z.store.close()

        # create an object array using pickle
        z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, object_codec=Pickle())
        z[0] = 'foo'
        assert z[0] == 'foo'
        z[1] = b'bar'
        assert z[1] == b'bar'
        z[2] = 1
        assert z[2] == 1
        z[3] = [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        assert z[3] == [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        z[4] = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        assert z[4] == {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        a = z[:]
        assert a.dtype == object
        z.store.close()

        # create an object array using JSON
        z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, object_codec=JSON())
        z[0] = 'foo'
        assert z[0] == 'foo'
        # z[1] = b'bar'
        # assert z[1] == b'bar'  # not supported for JSON
        z[2] = 1
        assert z[2] == 1
        z[3] = [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        assert z[3] == [2, 4, 6, 'baz']
        z[4] = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        assert z[4] == {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
        a = z[:]
        assert a.dtype == object
        z.store.close()

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_text(self):

        data = np.array(greetings * 1000, dtype=object)

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=VLenUTF8())
        z[0] = 'foo'
        assert z[0] == 'foo'
        z[1] = 'bar'
        assert z[1] == 'bar'
        z[2] = 'baz'
        assert z[2] == 'baz'
        z[:] = data
        a = z[:]
        assert a.dtype == object
        assert_array_equal(data, a)
        z.store.close()

        # convenience API
        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=str)
        assert z.dtype == object
        assert isinstance(z.filters[0], VLenUTF8)
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=MsgPack())
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=JSON())
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=Pickle())
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object,
                              object_codec=Categorize(greetings, dtype=object))
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_bytes(self):

        greetings_bytes = [g.encode('utf8') for g in greetings]
        data = np.array(greetings_bytes * 1000, dtype=object)

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=VLenBytes())
        z[0] = b'foo'
        assert z[0] == b'foo'
        z[1] = b'bar'
        assert z[1] == b'bar'
        z[2] = b'baz'
        assert z[2] == b'baz'
        z[:] = data
        a = z[:]
        assert a.dtype == object
        assert_array_equal(data, a)
        z.store.close()

        # convenience API
        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=bytes)
        assert z.dtype == object
        assert isinstance(z.filters[0], VLenBytes)
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

        z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=Pickle())
        z[:] = data
        assert_array_equal(data, z[:])
        z.store.close()

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_array(self):

        data = np.array([np.array([1, 3, 7]),
                         np.array([5]),
                         np.array([2, 8, 12])] * 1000, dtype=object)

        def compare_arrays(expected, actual, item_dtype):
            assert isinstance(actual, np.ndarray)
            assert actual.dtype == object
            assert actual.shape == expected.shape
            for ev, av in zip(expected.flat, actual.flat):
                assert isinstance(av, np.ndarray)
                assert_array_equal(ev, av)
                assert av.dtype == item_dtype

        codecs = VLenArray(int), VLenArray('<u4')
        for codec in codecs:
            z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=codec)
            z[0] = np.array([4, 7])
            assert_array_equal(np.array([4, 7]), z[0])
            z[:] = data
            a = z[:]
            assert a.dtype == object
            compare_arrays(data, a, codec.dtype)
            z.store.close()

        # convenience API
        for item_type in 'int', '<u4':
            z = self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype='array:{}'.format(item_type))
            assert z.dtype == object
            assert isinstance(z.filters[0], VLenArray)
            assert z.filters[0].dtype == np.dtype(item_type)
            z[:] = data
            compare_arrays(data, z[:], np.dtype(item_type))
            z.store.close()

    def test_object_arrays_danger(self):

        # do something dangerous - manually force an object array with no object codec
        z = self.create_array(shape=5, chunks=2, dtype=object, fill_value=0,
                              object_codec=MsgPack())
        z._filters = None  # wipe filters
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            z[0] = 'foo'
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            z[:] = 42
        z.store.close()

        # do something else dangerous
        data = greetings * 10
        for compressor in Zlib(1), Blosc():
            z = self.create_array(shape=len(data), chunks=30, dtype=object,
                                  object_codec=Categorize(greetings,
                                                          dtype=object),
                                  compressor=compressor)
            z[:] = data
            v = z.view(filters=[])
            with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
                # noinspection PyStatementEffect
                v[:]
            z.store.close()

    def test_object_codec_warnings(self):

        with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
            # provide object_codec, but not object dtype
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=5, dtype="i4", object_codec=JSON())
        z.store.close()

    @unittest.skipIf(parse_version(np.__version__) < parse_version('1.14.0'),
                     "unsupported numpy version")
    def test_structured_array_contain_object(self):

        if "PartialRead" in self.__class__.__name__:
            pytest.skip("partial reads of object arrays not supported")

        # ----------- creation --------------

        structured_dtype = [('c_obj', object), ('c_int', int)]
        a = np.array([(b'aaa', 1),
                      (b'bbb', 2)], dtype=structured_dtype)

        # zarr-array with structured dtype require object codec
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=a.shape, dtype=structured_dtype)

        # create zarr-array by np-array
        za = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, dtype=structured_dtype, object_codec=Pickle())
        za[:] = a

        # must be equal
        assert_array_equal(a, za[:])

        # ---------- indexing ---------------

        assert za[0] == a[0]

        za[0] = (b'ccc', 3)
        za[1:2] = np.array([(b'ddd', 4)], dtype=structured_dtype)  # ToDo: not work with list
        assert_array_equal(za[:], np.array([(b'ccc', 3), (b'ddd', 4)], dtype=structured_dtype))

        za['c_obj'] = [b'eee', b'fff']
        za['c_obj', 0] = b'ggg'
        assert_array_equal(za[:], np.array([(b'ggg', 3), (b'fff', 4)], dtype=structured_dtype))
        assert za['c_obj', 0] == b'ggg'
        assert za[1, 'c_int'] == 4

    def test_iteration_exceptions(self):
        # zero d array
        a = np.array(1, dtype=int)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, dtype=int)
        z[...] = a
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            # noinspection PyStatementEffect
            list(a)
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            # noinspection PyStatementEffect
            list(z)

        # input argument error handling
        a = np.array((10, 10), dtype=int)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, dtype=int)
        z[...] = a

        params = (
            (-1, 0),
            (0, -1),
            (0.5, 1),
            (0, 0.5)
        )

        for start, end in params:
            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                # noinspection PyStatementEffect
                list(z.islice(start, end))

        # check behavior for start > end
        assert [] == list(z.islice(6, 5))

        z.store.close()

    def test_iter(self):
        params = (
            ((1,), (1,)),
            ((2,), (1,)),
            ((1,), (2,)),
            ((3,), (3,)),
            ((1000,), (100,)),
            ((100,), (1000,)),
            ((1, 100), (1, 1)),
            ((1, 0), (1, 1)),
            ((0, 1), (1, 1)),
            ((0, 1), (2, 1)),
            ((100, 1), (3, 1)),
            ((100, 100), (10, 10)),
            ((10, 10, 10), (3, 3, 3)),
        )
        for shape, chunks in params:
            z = self.create_array(shape=shape, chunks=chunks, dtype=int)
            a = np.arange(np.product(shape)).reshape(shape)
            z[:] = a
            for expect, actual in zip_longest(a, z):
                assert_array_equal(expect, actual)
            z.store.close()

    def test_islice(self):
        params = (
            ((1,), (1,), 0, 1),
            ((2,), (1,), 0, 1),
            ((1,), (2,), 0, 1),
            ((3,), (3,), 1, 2),
            ((1000,), (100,), 150, 1050),
            ((100,), (1000,), 25, 75),
            ((1, 100), (1, 1), 0, 1),
            ((100, 1), (3, 1), 56, 100),
            ((100, 100), (10, 10), 13, 99),
            ((10, 10, 10), (3, 3, 3), 2, 4),
        )
        for shape, chunks, start, end in params:
            z = self.create_array(shape=shape, chunks=chunks, dtype=int)
            a = np.arange(np.product(shape)).reshape(shape)
            z[:] = a
            end_array = min(end, a.shape[0])
            for expect, actual in zip_longest(a[start:end_array],
                                              z.islice(start, end)):
                assert_array_equal(expect, actual)
            if hasattr(z.store, 'close'):
                z.store.close()

    def test_compressors(self):
        compressors = [
            None, BZ2(), Blosc(), LZ4(), Zlib(), GZip()
        ]
        if LZMA:
            compressors.append(LZMA())
        for compressor in compressors:
            a = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, compressor=compressor)
            a[0:100] = 1
            assert np.all(a[0:100] == 1)
            a[:] = 1
            assert np.all(a[:] == 1)
            a.store.close()

    def test_endian(self):
        dtype = np.dtype('float32')
        a1 = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, dtype=dtype.newbyteorder('<'))
        a1[:] = 1
        x1 = a1[:]
        a2 = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, dtype=dtype.newbyteorder('>'))
        a2[:] = 1
        x2 = a2[:]
        assert_array_equal(x1, x2)
        a1.store.close()
        a2.store.close()

    def test_attributes(self):
        a = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=10, dtype='i8')
        a.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert a.attrs.key in a.store
        attrs = json_loads(a.store[a.attrs.key])
        assert 'foo' in attrs and attrs['foo'] == 'bar'

        a.attrs['bar'] = 'foo'
        assert a.attrs.key in a.store
        attrs = json_loads(a.store[a.attrs.key])
        assert 'foo' in attrs and attrs['foo'] == 'bar'
        assert 'bar' in attrs and attrs['bar'] == 'foo'
        a.store.close()

    def test_structured_with_object(self):
        a = self.create_array(fill_value=(0.0, None),
                              shape=10,
                              chunks=10,
                              dtype=[('x', float), ('y', object)],
                              object_codec=Pickle())
        assert tuple(a[0]) == (0.0, None)


class TestArrayWithPath(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, path='foo/bar', **kwargs)
        return Array(store, path='foo/bar', read_only=read_only,
                     cache_metadata=cache_metadata, cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
                     write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nchunks_initialized(self):
        pass

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert 'f710da18d45d38d4aaf2afd7fb822fdd73d02957' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '1437428e69754b1e1a38bd7fc9e43669577620db' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '6c530b6b9d73e108cc5ee7b6be3d552cc994bdbe' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert '4c0a76fb1222498e09dcd92f7f9221d6cea8b40e' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert '05b0663ffe1785f38d3a459dec17e57a18f254af' == z.hexdigest()

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):

        # MemoryStore as store
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v)
                                   for k, v in z.store.items()
                                   if k.startswith('foo/bar/'))
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored
        z[:] = 42
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v)
                                   for k, v in z.store.items()
                                   if k.startswith('foo/bar/'))
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored

        # mess with store
        z.store[z._key_prefix + 'foo'] = list(range(10))
        assert -1 == z.nbytes_stored


class TestArrayWithChunkStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        # separate chunk store
        chunk_store = KVStore(dict())
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, chunk_store=chunk_store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, chunk_store=chunk_store,
                     cache_metadata=cache_metadata, cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
                     write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert 'f710da18d45d38d4aaf2afd7fb822fdd73d02957' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '1437428e69754b1e1a38bd7fc9e43669577620db' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '6c530b6b9d73e108cc5ee7b6be3d552cc994bdbe' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert '4c0a76fb1222498e09dcd92f7f9221d6cea8b40e' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert '05b0663ffe1785f38d3a459dec17e57a18f254af' == z.hexdigest()

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):

        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        expect_nbytes_stored += sum(buffer_size(v)
                                    for v in z.chunk_store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored
        z[:] = 42
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        expect_nbytes_stored += sum(buffer_size(v)
                                    for v in z.chunk_store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored

        # mess with store
        z.chunk_store[z._key_prefix + 'foo'] = list(range(10))
        assert -1 == z.nbytes_stored


class TestArrayWithDirectoryStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        store = DirectoryStore(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):

        # dict as store
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored
        z[:] = 42
        expect_nbytes_stored = sum(buffer_size(v) for v in z.store.values())
        assert expect_nbytes_stored == z.nbytes_stored


def test_array_init_from_dict():
    # initialization via non-Store MutableMapping
    store = dict()
    init_array(store, shape=100, chunks=10, dtype="<f8")
    a = Array(store)
    assert isinstance(a, Array)
    assert a.store is not store
    assert isinstance(a.store, KVStore)


@skip_test_env_var("ZARR_TEST_ABS")
class TestArrayWithABSStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def absstore():
        client = abs_container()
        store = ABSStore(client=client)
        store.rmdir()
        return store

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = self.absstore()
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    @pytest.mark.xfail
    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        return super().test_nbytes_stored()

    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 7), reason="attr not serializable in py36")
    def test_pickle(self):
        # internal attribute on ContainerClient isn't serializable for py36 and earlier
        super().test_pickle()


class TestArrayWithNestedDirectoryStore(TestArrayWithDirectoryStore):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        store = NestedDirectoryStore(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def expected(self):
        return [
            "d174aa384e660eb51c6061fc8d20850c1159141f",
            "125f00eea40032f16016b292f6767aa3928c00a7",
            "1b52ead0ed889a781ebd4db077a29e35d513c1f3",
            "719a88b34e362ff65df30e8f8810c1146ab72bc1",
            "6e0abf30daf45de51593c227fb907759ca725551",
        ]


class TestArrayWithN5Store(TestArrayWithDirectoryStore):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        store = N5Store(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_array_0d(self):
        # test behaviour for array with 0 dimensions

        # setup
        a = np.zeros(())
        z = self.create_array(shape=(), dtype=a.dtype, fill_value=0)

        # check properties
        assert a.ndim == z.ndim
        assert a.shape == z.shape
        assert a.size == z.size
        assert a.dtype == z.dtype
        assert a.nbytes == z.nbytes
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            len(z)
        assert () == z.chunks
        assert 1 == z.nchunks
        assert (1,) == z.cdata_shape
        # compressor always None - no point in compressing a single value
        assert z.compressor.compressor_config is None

        # check __getitem__
        b = z[...]
        assert isinstance(b, np.ndarray)
        assert a.shape == b.shape
        assert a.dtype == b.dtype
        assert_array_equal(a, np.array(z))
        assert_array_equal(a, z[...])
        assert a[()] == z[()]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:]

        # check __setitem__
        z[...] = 42
        assert 42 == z[()]
        z[()] = 43
        assert 43 == z[()]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[0] = 42
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            z[:] = 42
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z[...] = np.array([1, 2, 3])

    def test_array_1d_fill_value(self):
        nvalues = 1050
        dtype = np.int32
        for fill_value in 0, None:
            a = np.arange(nvalues, dtype=dtype)
            f = np.empty_like(a)
            f.fill(fill_value or 0)
            z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype,
                                  fill_value=fill_value)
            z[190:310] = a[190:310]

            assert_array_equal(f[:190], z[:190])
            assert_array_equal(a[190:310], z[190:310])
            assert_array_equal(f[310:], z[310:])

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            z = self.create_array(shape=(nvalues,), chunks=100, dtype=dtype,
                                  fill_value=1)

    def test_nchunks_initialized(self):
        fill_value = 0
        dtype = 'int'
        z = self.create_array(shape=100,
                              chunks=10,
                              fill_value=fill_value,
                              dtype=dtype,
                              write_empty_chunks=True)

        assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
        # manually put something into the store to confuse matters
        z.store['foo'] = b'bar'
        assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized
        z[:] = 42
        assert 10 == z.nchunks_initialized
        # manually remove a chunk from the store
        del z.chunk_store[z._chunk_key((0,))]
        assert 9 == z.nchunks_initialized

        # second round of similar tests with write_empty_chunks set to
        # False
        z = self.create_array(shape=100,
                              chunks=10,
                              fill_value=fill_value,
                              dtype=dtype,
                              write_empty_chunks=False)
        z[:] = 42
        assert 10 == z.nchunks_initialized
        # manually remove a chunk from the store
        del z.chunk_store[z._chunk_key((0,))]
        assert 9 == z.nchunks_initialized
        z[:] = z.fill_value
        assert 0 == z.nchunks_initialized

    def test_array_order(self):

        # N5 only supports 'C' at the moment
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=(10, 11), chunks=(10, 11), dtype='i8',
                              order='F')

        # 1D
        a = np.arange(1050)
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=100, dtype=a.dtype,
                              order='C')
        assert z.order == 'C'
        assert z[:].flags.c_contiguous
        z[:] = a
        assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        # 2D
        a = np.arange(10000).reshape((100, 100))
        z = self.create_array(shape=a.shape, chunks=(10, 10),
                              dtype=a.dtype, order='C')

        assert z.order == 'C'
        assert z[:].flags.c_contiguous
        z[:] = a
        actual = z[:]
        assert_array_equal(a, actual)

    def test_structured_array(self):
        d = np.array([(b'aaa', 1, 4.2),
                      (b'bbb', 2, 8.4),
                      (b'ccc', 3, 12.6)],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'S3'), ('bar', 'i4'), ('baz', 'f8')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (b'zzz', 42, 16.8)
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_structured_array_subshapes(self):
        d = np.array([(0, ((0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)), b'aaa'),
                      (1, ((1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)), b'bbb'),
                      (2, ((2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5)), b'ccc')],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', '(2, 3)f4'), ('baz', 'S3')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (0, ((0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)), b'zzz')
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_structured_array_nested(self):
        d = np.array([(0, (0, ((0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)), 0), b'aaa'),
                      (1, (1, ((1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)), 1), b'bbb'),
                      (2, (2, ((2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)), 2), b'ccc')],
                     dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', [('foo', 'i4'), ('bar', '(3, 2)f4'),
                                                    ('baz', 'u1')]), ('baz', 'S3')])
        fill_values = None, b'', (0, (0, ((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)), 0), b'zzz')
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            self.check_structured_array(d, fill_values)

    def test_dtypes(self):

        # integers
        for dtype in 'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8', 'i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8':
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=dtype)
            assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
            a = np.arange(z.shape[0], dtype=dtype)
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_equal(a, z[:])

        # floats
        for dtype in 'f2', 'f4', 'f8':
            z = self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=dtype)
            assert z.dtype == np.dtype(dtype)
            a = np.linspace(0, 1, z.shape[0], dtype=dtype)
            z[:] = a
            assert_array_almost_equal(a, z[:])

        # check that datetime generic units are not allowed
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=100, dtype='M8')
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=100, dtype='m8')

    def test_object_arrays(self):

        # an object_codec is required for object arrays
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object)

        # an object_codec is required for object arrays, but allow to be provided via
        # filters to maintain API backwards compatibility
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
                self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, filters=[MsgPack()])

        # create an object array using an object codec
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=10, chunks=3, dtype=object, object_codec=MsgPack())

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_text(self):

        data = np.array(greetings * 1000, dtype=object)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=VLenUTF8())

        # convenience API
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=str)

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_bytes(self):

        greetings_bytes = [g.encode('utf8') for g in greetings]
        data = np.array(greetings_bytes * 1000, dtype=object)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=VLenBytes())

        # convenience API
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=bytes)

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_array(self):

        data = np.array([np.array([1, 3, 7]),
                         np.array([5]),
                         np.array([2, 8, 12])] * 1000, dtype=object)

        codecs = VLenArray(int), VLenArray('<u4')
        for codec in codecs:
            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype=object, object_codec=codec)

        # convenience API
        for item_type in 'int', '<u4':
            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                self.create_array(shape=data.shape, dtype='array:{}'.format(item_type))

    def test_object_arrays_danger(self):
        # Cannot hacking out object codec as N5 doesn't allow object codecs
        pass

    def test_structured_with_object(self):
        # Cannot hacking out object codec as N5 doesn't allow object codecs
        pass

    def test_structured_array_contain_object(self):
        # Cannot hacking out object codec as N5 doesn't allow object codecs
        pass

    def test_attrs_n5_keywords(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='i4')
        for k in n5_keywords:
            with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
                z.attrs[k] = ""

    def test_compressors(self):
        compressors = [
            None, BZ2(), Zlib(), GZip()
        ]
        if LZMA:
            compressors.append(LZMA())
            compressors.append(LZMA(preset=1))
            compressors.append(LZMA(preset=6))
        for compressor in compressors:
            a1 = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, compressor=compressor)
            a1[0:100] = 1
            assert np.all(a1[0:100] == 1)
            a1[:] = 1
            assert np.all(a1[:] == 1)

        compressors_warn = [
            Blosc()
        ]
        if LZMA:
            compressors_warn.append(LZMA(2))  # Try lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, which N5 doesn't support.
        for compressor in compressors_warn:
            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
                a2 = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100, compressor=compressor)
            a2[0:100] = 1
            assert np.all(a2[0:100] == 1)
            a2[:] = 1
            assert np.all(a2[:] == 1)

    def expected(self):
        return [
           '4e9cf910000506455f82a70938a272a3fce932e5',
           'f9d4cbf1402901f63dea7acf764d2546e4b6aa38',
           '1d8199f5f7b70d61aa0d29cc375212c3df07d50a',
           '874880f91aa6736825584509144afe6b06b0c05c',
           'e2258fedc74752196a8c8383db49e27193c995e2',
           ]

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        found = []
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        assert self.expected() == found


@pytest.mark.skipif(have_fsspec is False, reason="needs fsspec")
class TestArrayWithN5FSStore(TestArrayWithN5Store):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        store = N5FSStore(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)


class TestArrayWithDBMStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mktemp(suffix='.anydbm')
        atexit.register(atexit_rmglob, path + '*')
        store = DBMStore(path, flag='n')
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
                     cache_metadata=cache_metadata, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        pass  # not implemented


class TestArrayWithDBMStoreBerkeleyDB(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        bsddb3 = pytest.importorskip("bsddb3")
        path = mktemp(suffix='.dbm')
        atexit.register(os.remove, path)
        store = DBMStore(path, flag='n', open=bsddb3.btopen)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        pass  # not implemented


class TestArrayWithLMDBStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        pytest.importorskip("lmdb")
        path = mktemp(suffix='.lmdb')
        atexit.register(atexit_rmtree, path)
        store = LMDBStore(path, buffers=True)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_store_has_bytes_values(self):
        pass  # returns values as memoryviews/buffers instead of bytes

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        pass  # not implemented


class TestArrayWithLMDBStoreNoBuffers(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        pytest.importorskip("lmdb")
        path = mktemp(suffix='.lmdb')
        atexit.register(atexit_rmtree, path)
        store = LMDBStore(path, buffers=False)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        pass  # not implemented


class TestArrayWithSQLiteStore(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        pytest.importorskip("sqlite3")
        path = mktemp(suffix='.db')
        atexit.register(atexit_rmtree, path)
        store = SQLiteStore(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        pass  # not implemented


class TestArrayWithNoCompressor(TestArray):

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', None)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert 'd3da3d485de4a5fcc6d91f9dfc6a7cba9720c561' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '443b8dee512e42946cb63ff01d28e9bee8105a5f' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert 'b75eb90f68aa8ee1e29f2c542e851d3945066c54' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert '42b6ae0d50ec361628736ab7e68fe5fefca22136' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert 'a0535f31c130f5e5ac66ba0713d1c1ceaebd089b' == z.hexdigest()


class TestArrayWithBZ2Compressor(TestArray):

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        compressor = BZ2(level=1)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', compressor)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert '33141032439fb1df5e24ad9891a7d845b6c668c8' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '44d719da065c88a412d609a5500ff41e07b331d6' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '37c7c46e5730bba37da5e518c9d75f0d774c5098' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert '1e1bcaac63e4ef3c4a68f11672537131c627f168' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert '86d7b9bf22dccbeaa22f340f38be506b55e76ff2' == z.hexdigest()


class TestArrayWithBloscCompressor(TestArray):

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        compressor = Blosc(cname='zstd', clevel=1, shuffle=1)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', compressor)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert '7ff2ae8511eac915fad311647c168ccfe943e788' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '962705c861863495e9ccb7be7735907aa15e85b5' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '74ed339cfe84d544ac023d085ea0cd6a63f56c4b' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert '90e30bdab745a9641cd0eb605356f531bc8ec1c3' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert '95d40c391f167db8b1290e3c39d9bf741edacdf6' == z.hexdigest()


try:
    from numcodecs import LZMA
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    LZMA = None


@unittest.skipIf(LZMA is None, 'LZMA codec not available')
class TestArrayWithLZMACompressor(TestArray):

    def create_array(self, read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        compressor = LZMA(preset=1)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', compressor)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert '93ecaa530a1162a9d48a3c1dcee4586ccfc59bae' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '04a9755a0cd638683531b7816c7fa4fbb6f577f2' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '9de97b5c49b38e68583ed701d7e8f4c94b6a8406' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert 'cde499f3dc945b4e97197ff8e3cf8188a1262c35' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert 'e2cf3afbf66ad0e28a2b6b68b1b07817c69aaee2' == z.hexdigest()


class TestArrayWithFilters(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        dtype = kwargs.get('dtype')
        filters = [
            Delta(dtype=dtype),
            FixedScaleOffset(dtype=dtype, scale=1, offset=0),
        ]
        kwargs.setdefault('filters', filters)
        compressor = Zlib(1)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', compressor)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
                     cache_metadata=cache_metadata, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        assert 'b80367c5599d47110d42bd8886240c2f46620dba' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        assert '95a7b2471225e73199c9716d21e8d3dd6e5f6f2a' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        assert '7300f1eb130cff5891630038fd99c28ef23d3a01' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        assert 'c649ad229bc5720258b934ea958570c2f354c2eb' == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert '62fc9236d78af18a5ec26c12eea1d33bce52501e' == z.hexdigest()

    def test_astype_no_filters(self):
        shape = (100,)
        dtype = np.dtype(np.int8)
        astype = np.dtype(np.float32)

        store = KVStore(dict())
        init_array(store, shape=shape, chunks=10, dtype=dtype)

        data = np.arange(np.prod(shape), dtype=dtype).reshape(shape)

        z1 = Array(store)
        z1[...] = data
        z2 = z1.astype(astype)

        expected = data.astype(astype)
        assert_array_equal(expected, z2)
        assert z2.read_only

    def test_astype(self):
        shape = (100,)
        chunks = (10,)

        dtype = np.dtype(np.int8)
        astype = np.dtype(np.float32)

        data = np.arange(np.prod(shape), dtype=dtype).reshape(shape)

        z1 = self.create_array(shape=shape, chunks=chunks, dtype=dtype)
        z1[...] = data
        z2 = z1.astype(astype)

        expected = data.astype(astype)
        assert_array_equal(expected, z2)

    def test_array_dtype_shape(self):
        # skip this one, cannot do delta on unstructured array
        pass

    def test_structured_array(self):
        # skip this one, cannot do delta on structured array
        pass

    def test_structured_array_subshapes(self):
        # skip this one, cannot do delta on structured array
        pass

    def test_structured_array_nested(self):
        # skip this one, cannot do delta on structured array
        pass

    def test_dtypes(self):
        # skip this one, delta messes up floats
        pass

    def test_object_arrays(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta with objects
        pass

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_text(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta with objects
        pass

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_bytes(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta with objects
        pass

    def test_object_arrays_vlen_array(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta with objects
        pass

    def test_object_arrays_danger(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta with objects
        pass

    def test_structured_array_contain_object(self):
        # skip this one, cannot use delta on structured array
        pass


# custom store, does not support getsize()
class CustomMapping:

    def __init__(self):
        self.inner = KVStore(dict())

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.keys())

    def keys(self):
        return self.inner.keys()

    def values(self):
        return self.inner.values()

    def get(self, item, default=None):
        try:
            return self.inner[item]
        except KeyError:
            return default

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.inner[item]

    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
        self.inner[item] = ensure_bytes(value)

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        del self.inner[key]

    def __contains__(self, item):
        return item in self.inner


class TestArrayWithCustomMapping(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = CustomMapping()
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(1))
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_nbytes_stored(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000, chunks=100)
        assert 245 == z.nbytes_stored
        z[:] = 42
        assert 515 == z.nbytes_stored


class TestArrayNoCache(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = KVStore(dict())
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(level=1))
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_cache_metadata(self):
        a1 = self.create_array(shape=100, chunks=10, dtype='i1', cache_metadata=False)
        a2 = Array(a1.store, cache_metadata=True)
        assert a1.shape == a2.shape
        assert a1.size == a2.size
        assert a1.nbytes == a2.nbytes
        assert a1.nchunks == a2.nchunks

        # a1 is not caching so *will* see updates made via other objects
        a2.resize(200)
        assert (200,) == a2.shape
        assert 200 == a2.size
        assert 200 == a2.nbytes
        assert 20 == a2.nchunks
        assert a1.shape == a2.shape
        assert a1.size == a2.size
        assert a1.nbytes == a2.nbytes
        assert a1.nchunks == a2.nchunks

        a2.append(np.zeros(100))
        assert (300,) == a2.shape
        assert 300 == a2.size
        assert 300 == a2.nbytes
        assert 30 == a2.nchunks
        assert a1.shape == a2.shape
        assert a1.size == a2.size
        assert a1.nbytes == a2.nbytes
        assert a1.nchunks == a2.nchunks

        # a2 is caching so *will not* see updates made via other objects
        a1.resize(400)
        assert (400,) == a1.shape
        assert 400 == a1.size
        assert 400 == a1.nbytes
        assert 40 == a1.nchunks
        assert (300,) == a2.shape
        assert 300 == a2.size
        assert 300 == a2.nbytes
        assert 30 == a2.nchunks

    def test_cache_attrs(self):
        a1 = self.create_array(shape=100, chunks=10, dtype='i1', cache_attrs=False)
        a2 = Array(a1.store, cache_attrs=True)
        assert a1.attrs.asdict() == a2.attrs.asdict()

        # a1 is not caching so *will* see updates made via other objects
        a2.attrs['foo'] = 'xxx'
        a2.attrs['bar'] = 42
        assert a1.attrs.asdict() == a2.attrs.asdict()

        # a2 is caching so *will not* see updates made via other objects
        a1.attrs['foo'] = 'yyy'
        assert 'yyy' == a1.attrs['foo']
        assert 'xxx' == a2.attrs['foo']

    def test_object_arrays_danger(self):
        # skip this one as it only works if metadata are cached
        pass


class TestArrayWithStoreCache(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        store = LRUStoreCache(dict(), max_size=None)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Zlib(level=1))
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def test_store_has_bytes_values(self):
        # skip as the cache has no control over how the store provides values
        pass


@pytest.mark.skipif(have_fsspec is False, reason="needs fsspec")
class TestArrayWithFSStore(TestArray):
    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        key_separator = kwargs.pop('key_separator', ".")
        store = FSStore(path, key_separator=key_separator, auto_mkdir=True)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Blosc())
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def expected(self):
        return [
           "ab753fc81df0878589535ca9bad2816ba88d91bc",
           "c16261446f9436b1e9f962e57ce3e8f6074abe8a",
           "c2ef3b2fb2bc9dcace99cd6dad1a7b66cc1ea058",
           "6e52f95ac15b164a8e96843a230fcee0e610729b",
           "091fa99bc60706095c9ce30b56ce2503e0223f56",
        ]

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        found = []

        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        assert self.expected() == found


@pytest.mark.skipif(have_fsspec is False, reason="needs fsspec")
class TestArrayWithFSStorePartialRead(TestArray):
    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        store = FSStore(path)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop("cache_metadata", True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop("cache_attrs", True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault("compressor", Blosc(blocksize=256))
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(
            store,
            read_only=read_only,
            cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
            cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
            partial_decompress=True,
            write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks
        )

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        assert "dd7577d645c38767cf6f6d1ef8fd64002883a014" == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<f4")
        assert "aa0de9892cf1ed3cda529efbf3233720b84489b7" == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(
            shape=(
                20,
                35,
            ),
            chunks=10,
            dtype="<i4",
        )
        assert "e6191c44cf958576c29c41cef0f55b028a4dbdff" == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype="i4")
        assert "88adeeabb819feecccadf50152293dbb42f9107e" == z.hexdigest()

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        z.attrs["foo"] = "bar"
        assert "1426e084427f9920e29c9ec81b663d1005849455" == z.hexdigest()

    def test_non_cont(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=(500, 500, 500), chunks=(50, 50, 50), dtype="<i4")
        z[:, :, :] = 1
        # actually go through the partial read by accessing a single item
        assert z[0, :, 0].any()

    def test_read_nitems_less_than_blocksize_from_multiple_chunks(self):
        '''Tests to make sure decompression doesn't fail when `nitems` is
        less than a compressed block size, but covers multiple blocks
        '''
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000000, chunks=100_000)
        z[40_000:80_000] = 1
        b = Array(z.store, read_only=True, partial_decompress=True)
        assert (b[40_000:80_000] == 1).all()

    def test_read_from_all_blocks(self):
        '''Tests to make sure `PartialReadBuffer.read_part` doesn't fail when
        stop isn't in the `start_points` array
        '''
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000000, chunks=100_000)
        z[2:99_000] = 1
        b = Array(z.store, read_only=True, partial_decompress=True)
        assert (b[2:99_000] == 1).all()


@pytest.mark.skipif(have_fsspec is False, reason="needs fsspec")
class TestArrayWithFSStoreNested(TestArray):

    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        key_separator = kwargs.pop('key_separator', "/")
        store = FSStore(path, key_separator=key_separator, auto_mkdir=True)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop('cache_metadata', True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop('cache_attrs', True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault('compressor', Blosc())
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(store, read_only=read_only, cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
                     cache_attrs=cache_attrs, write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks)

    def expected(self):
        return [
           "94884f29b41b9beb8fc99ad7bf9c0cbf0f2ab3c9",
           "077aa3bd77b8d354f8f6c15dce5ae4f545788a72",
           "22be95d83c097460adb339d80b2d7fe19c513c16",
           "85131cec526fa46938fd2c4a6083a58ee11037ea",
           "c3167010c162c6198cb2bf3c1da2c46b047c69a1",
        ]

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        found = []

        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<f4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(20, 35,), chunks=10, dtype='<i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype='i4')
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype='<i4')
        z.attrs['foo'] = 'bar'
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        assert self.expected() == found


@pytest.mark.skipif(have_fsspec is False, reason="needs fsspec")
class TestArrayWithFSStoreNestedPartialRead(TestArray):
    @staticmethod
    def create_array(read_only=False, **kwargs):
        path = mkdtemp()
        atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, path)
        key_separator = kwargs.pop('key_separator', "/")
        store = FSStore(path, key_separator=key_separator, auto_mkdir=True)
        cache_metadata = kwargs.pop("cache_metadata", True)
        cache_attrs = kwargs.pop("cache_attrs", True)
        write_empty_chunks = kwargs.pop('write_empty_chunks', True)
        kwargs.setdefault("compressor", Blosc())
        init_array(store, **kwargs)
        return Array(
            store,
            read_only=read_only,
            cache_metadata=cache_metadata,
            cache_attrs=cache_attrs,
            partial_decompress=True,
            write_empty_chunks=write_empty_chunks
        )

    def expected(self):
        return [
           "94884f29b41b9beb8fc99ad7bf9c0cbf0f2ab3c9",
           "077aa3bd77b8d354f8f6c15dce5ae4f545788a72",
           "22be95d83c097460adb339d80b2d7fe19c513c16",
           "85131cec526fa46938fd2c4a6083a58ee11037ea",
           "c3167010c162c6198cb2bf3c1da2c46b047c69a1",
        ]

    def test_hexdigest(self):
        found = []

        # Check basic 1-D array
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with different type
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<f4")
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 2-D array
        z = self.create_array(
            shape=(
                20,
                35,
            ),
            chunks=10,
            dtype="<i4",
        )
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with some data
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        z[200:400] = np.arange(200, 400, dtype="i4")
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        # Check basic 1-D array with attributes
        z = self.create_array(shape=(1050,), chunks=100, dtype="<i4")
        z.attrs["foo"] = "bar"
        found.append(z.hexdigest())

        assert self.expected() == found

    def test_non_cont(self):
        z = self.create_array(shape=(500, 500, 500), chunks=(50, 50, 50), dtype="<i4")
        z[:, :, :] = 1
        # actually go through the partial read by accessing a single item
        assert z[0, :, 0].any()

    def test_read_nitems_less_than_blocksize_from_multiple_chunks(self):
        '''Tests to make sure decompression doesn't fail when `nitems` is
        less than a compressed block size, but covers multiple blocks
        '''
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000000, chunks=100_000)
        z[40_000:80_000] = 1
        b = Array(z.store, read_only=True, partial_decompress=True)
        assert (b[40_000:80_000] == 1).all()

    def test_read_from_all_blocks(self):
        '''Tests to make sure `PartialReadBuffer.read_part` doesn't fail when
        stop isn't in the `start_points` array
        '''
        z = self.create_array(shape=1000000, chunks=100_000)
        z[2:99_000] = 1
        b = Array(z.store, read_only=True, partial_decompress=True)
        assert (b[2:99_000] == 1).all()
