From 57818a6538b7e60bd19785b1083d37fbc91aae65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2023 14:45:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/24] Add start of if/else!

...

Co-Authored-By: Mitch Masia <7084914+masiamj@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                | 11 ++-
 src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md    | 30 ++++++
 src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md   | 28 ++++++
 src/branching_logic/else.md                   | 35 +++++++
 src/branching_logic/else_if.md                | 63 ++++++++++++
 src/branching_logic/if.md                     | 38 ++++++++
 src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md             | 30 ++++++
 .../relation_to_delayed_assignment.md         | 37 ++++++++
 src/branching_logic/ternary_expression.md     |  1 -
 src/branching_paths.md                        | 17 ++++
 src/getting_started.md                        | 94 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/getting_started/hello_world.md            | 95 +------------------
 src/strings/access_individual_characters.md   |  2 +-
 13 files changed, 380 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
 create mode 100644 src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
 create mode 100644 src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
 delete mode 100644 src/branching_logic/ternary_expression.md
 create mode 100644 src/branching_paths.md
 create mode 100644 src/getting_started.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 04368e4..4ca1698 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -13,15 +13,14 @@
     - [tutorialspoint](./examples/tutorialspoint.md)
     - [tutorialspoint paid course](./examples/tutorialspoint_paid.md)
     - [w3schools](./examples/w3schools.md) -->
-# Getting Started
-
-- [Hello, World](./getting_started/hello_world.md)
 
 # Modern Java
 
+
 - [Prelude](./prelude.md)
     - [Asking for Help](./prelude/asking_for_help.md)
     - [Toy Problems](./prelude/toy_problems.md)
+- [Getting Started](./getting_started.md)
 - [First Steps](./first_steps.md)
     - [Comments](./first_steps/comments.md)
     - [Semicolons](./first_steps/semicolon.md)
@@ -95,12 +94,14 @@
 
 # Control Flow I
 
-- [Branching Logic](./branching_logic.md)
+- [Branching Paths](./branching_paths.md)
     - [If](./branching_logic/if.md)
     - [Else](./branching_logic/else.md)
+    - [Nested Ifs](./branching_logic/nested_ifs.md)
     - [Else If](./branching_logic/else_if.md)
     - [Relation to Delayed Assignment](./branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md)
-    - [Ternary Expression](./branching_logic/ternary_expression.md)
+    - [Conditional Operator](./branching_logic/conditional_operator.md)
+    - [Boolean Expressions](./branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md)
     - [Challenges](./branching_logic/challenges.md)
 - [Loops](./loops.md)
     - [While](./loops/while.md)
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0457428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Boolean Expressions
+
+A common thing I've seen students do is set the initial value of some
+`boolean` variable based on some condition.
+
+```java
+int age = 22;
+
+boolean canRent;
+if (age > 25) {
+    canRent = true;
+}
+else {
+    canRent = false;
+}
+
+// or
+// boolean canRent = age > 25 ? true : false;
+
+System.out.println(canRent);
+```
+
+This is valid code, but very often can be made simpler if you remember that the condition
+itself already evaluates to a `boolean`. You can directly assign the variable to that value.
+
+```java
+int age = 22;
+boolean canRent = age > 25;
+```
+
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md b/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d027414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Conditional Operator
+
+When the only operation being performed inside of an `if` and `else` pair
+is setting the initial value of a variable, you can use the "conditional operator"[^ternary]
+to perform that assignment instead.
+
+
+```java
+int age = 22;
+
+String message = age < 25 
+    ? "You cannot rent a car!"
+    : "You might be able to rent a car";
+```
+
+You write a condition followed by a `?`, a value to use when that condition evaluates to `true`, a `:`,
+and then a value to use when that condition evaluates to `false`.
+
+```java
+CONDITION ? WHEN_TRUE : WHEN_FALSE
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+[^ternary]: Some people will call this a ternary expression. Ternary meaning "three things."
+Same idea as tres leches.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/else.md b/src/branching_logic/else.md
index 3cf590b..f07eb9a 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/else.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/else.md
@@ -1 +1,36 @@
 # Else
+
+When you want to do one thing when a condition evaluates to `true`
+and another when that same condition evaluates to `false` you can use `else`.
+
+```java
+int age = 30; // 🙎‍♀️
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You cannot rent a car!");
+}
+else {
+    System.out.println("You might be able to rent a car.");
+}
+```
+
+You write the word `else` immediately after the `}` at the end of an `if` statement, then
+some code inside of a new `{` and `}`.
+
+```java
+if (CONDITION) {
+    <CODE TO RUN>
+}
+else {
+    <CODE TO RUN>
+}
+```
+
+When the condition evaluates to `false`, the code inside of `else`'s `{` and `}` will run.
+
+`else` cannot exist without a matching `if`, so this code does not work.
+
+```java
+else {
+    System.out.println("No if.");
+}
+```
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/else_if.md b/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
index 24b64c3..1bc247b 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
@@ -1 +1,64 @@
 # Else If
+
+If you have an `if` nested in an `else` branch, you can simplify that by using
+`else if`.
+
+
+```java
+boolean cool = true; // 🕶️
+int age = 30; // 🙎‍♀️
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You cannot rent a car!");
+}
+else {
+    if (!cool) {
+        System.out.println("You failed the vibe check.");
+    }
+    else {
+        System.out.println("You are rad enough to rent a car.");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+So the following will work the same as the code above.
+
+```java
+boolean cool = true; // 🕶️
+int age = 30; // 🙎‍♀️
+
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You cannot rent a car!");
+}
+else if (!cool) {
+    System.out.println("You failed the vibe check.");
+}
+else {
+    System.out.println("You are rad enough to rent a car.");
+}
+```
+
+You can have as many `else if`s as you need. Each one will only run if all the previous conditions
+evaluate to `false`.
+
+```java
+boolean cool = true; // 🕶️
+int age = 100; // 👴
+
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You cannot rent a car!");
+}
+else if (!cool) {
+    System.out.println("You failed the vibe check.");
+}
+else if (age > 99) {
+    System.out.println("You are too old to safely drive a car!");
+}
+else if (age > 450) {
+    System.out.println("There can only be one! ⚔️🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿");
+}
+else {
+    System.out.println("You are rad enough to rent a car.");
+}
+```
+
+
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/if.md b/src/branching_logic/if.md
index dac2f01..f1e912f 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/if.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/if.md
@@ -1 +1,39 @@
 # If
+
+The way to represent a branching path in Java is by using an `if` statement.
+
+```java
+int age = 5; // 👶
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You are too young to rent a car!");
+}
+```
+
+You write the word `if` followed by an expression which evaluates to a `boolean` inside of `(` and `)`. 
+This expression is the "condition". Then you write some code inside
+of `{` and `}`. 
+
+
+```java
+if (CONDITION) {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+When the condition evaluates to `true`, the code inside of the `{` and `}` will run.
+If it evaluates to `false` that code will not run.
+
+
+In this example the condition is `age < 25`. When `age` is less than 25 it will evaluate to `true`
+and you will be told that you cannot rent a car.
+
+
+```java
+int age = 80; // 👵
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You are too young to rent a car!");
+}
+```
+
+If this condition evaluates to `false`, then the code inside of `{` and `}`
+will not run.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md b/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f678696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Nested Ifs
+
+The code inside of the `{` and `}` can be anything, including more `if` statments.
+
+```java
+int age = 5; // 👶
+if (age < 25) {
+    System.out.println("You are too young to rent a car!");
+    if (age == 24) {
+        System.out.println("(but it was close)");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+When an `if` is inside another `if` we say that it is "nested". 
+
+If you find yourself nesting more than a few `if`s that might be a sign that
+you should reach out for help.
+
+```java
+if (...) {
+    if (...) {
+        if (...) {
+            if (...) {
+                // Seek professional help
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md b/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
index 7cd75a3..adb716e 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
@@ -1 +1,38 @@
 # Relation to Delayed Assignment
+
+Delayed assignment of variables becomes useful with `if` and `else`.
+
+So long as Java can figure out that a variable will always be given an initial value
+inside of an `if` and `else`, you will be allowed to use that variable.
+
+
+```java
+int age = 22;
+
+String message;
+if (age > 25) {
+    message = "You might be able to rent a car";
+}
+else {
+    message = "You cannot rent a car!";
+}
+
+System.out.println(message);
+```
+
+If it will not always be given an initial value, then you will not be allowed to
+use that variable.
+
+```java
+int age = 22;
+
+String message;
+if (age > 25) {
+    message = "You might be able to rent a car";
+}
+
+// message is not always given an initial value
+// so you cannot use it.
+System.out.println(message);
+```
+
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/ternary_expression.md b/src/branching_logic/ternary_expression.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f48a9d..0000000
--- a/src/branching_logic/ternary_expression.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Ternary Expression
diff --git a/src/branching_paths.md b/src/branching_paths.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..786c15d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/branching_paths.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Branching Paths
+
+All the code I have shown you so far has run from top to bottom. That is, it has followed a single "path."
+
+Not all programs can follow a single path though.
+
+Imagine trying to rent a car online. The first thing you might be asked is your age.
+This is because most car rental companies do not want to rent to people under the age of 25.[^insurance].
+
+If you enter an age that is less than 25, the program should immediately tell you that you cannot
+rent a car. If you enter an age that is greater than or equal to 25, the program should continue to prompt you
+for more information.
+
+There are multiple "branching paths" that the program might take.
+
+
+[^insurance]: For insurance reasons.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/getting_started.md b/src/getting_started.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c193ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/getting_started.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Getting Started
+
+There are a lot of ways to "get set up" to run Java code.
+
+For the purposes of this book, I am going to reccomend that you
+start with [replit.com](https://replit.com).
+
+It requires an internet connection and you will have to make an account, but
+of the available options it is the easiest to set up.
+
+If you are in school and your teacher has helped you get set up in some other
+way it is okay to skip this section and just do it the way you were shown.
+
+All that matters is that in the end you have the ability to run and
+edit the following code.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    System.out.println("Hello, World");
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("Hello, World");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Step 1. Make an account
+
+Go to [replit.com](https://replit.com) and find the "Sign Up" button.
+Websites change every now and then so these screenshots might be out of date.
+
+<img src="/getting_started/repl_signup_0.png"
+     alt="Picture of the sign up button on replit's website"
+     width = "200">
+
+Click it and sign up for an account.
+
+<img src="/getting_started/repl_signup_1.png"
+     alt="Picture of the sign up form on replit's website"
+     width = "200">
+
+## Step 2. Create a Java REPL
+
+Find the "Create REPL" button and click it.
+
+<img src="/getting_started/repl_1.png"
+     alt="Picture of the create repl button on replit's website"
+     width = "200">
+
+Then you should be presented with a menu that lets you search for the type of REPL to create.
+Find the Java template and click "Create".
+
+<img src="/getting_started/repl_2.png"
+     alt="Unfilled in create from template menu on replit"
+     width = "200">
+
+<img src="/getting_started/repl_3.png"
+     alt="Filled in create from template menu on replit"
+     width = "200">
+
+## Step 3. Run code
+
+You should land on a screen with a big green run button, an open file called
+"Main.java", and a blank window labeled "console".
+
+<img
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+     src="/getting_started/repl_4_voidmain.png"
+~ELSE
+     src="/getting_started/repl_4.png"
+~ENDIF
+     alt="Picture of an unran hello world program"
+     width = "800">
+
+Click it and you should see the text `Hello, world!` appear under the console window.
+
+<img
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+     src="/getting_started/repl_5_voidmain.png"
+~ELSE
+     src="/getting_started/repl_5.png"
+~ENDIF
+     alt="Picture of a hello world program after running"
+     width = "800">
diff --git a/src/getting_started/hello_world.md b/src/getting_started/hello_world.md
index 4fba1e3..bad5562 100644
--- a/src/getting_started/hello_world.md
+++ b/src/getting_started/hello_world.md
@@ -1,94 +1 @@
-# Hello, World
-
-There are a lot of ways to "get set up" to run Java code.
-
-For the purposes of this book, I am going to reccomend that you
-start with [replit.com](https://replit.com).
-
-It requires an internet connection and you will have to make an account, but
-of the available options it is the easiest to set up.
-
-If you are in school and your teacher has helped you get set up in some other
-way it is okay to skip this section and just do it the way you were shown.
-
-All that matters is that in the end you have the ability to run and
-edit the following code.
-
-~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
-
-```java
-void main() {
-    System.out.println("Hello, World");
-}
-```
-
-~ELSE
-
-```java
-public class Main {
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        System.out.println("Hello, World");
-    }
-}
-```
-
-~ENDIF
-
-## Step 1. Make an account
-
-Go to [replit.com](https://replit.com) and find the "Sign Up" button.
-Websites change every now and then so these screenshots might be out of date.
-
-<img src="/getting_started/repl_signup_0.png"
-     alt="Picture of the sign up button on replit's website"
-     width = "200">
-
-Click it and sign up for an account.
-
-<img src="/getting_started/repl_signup_1.png"
-     alt="Picture of the sign up form on replit's website"
-     width = "200">
-
-## Step 2. Create a Java REPL
-
-Find the "Create REPL" button and click it.
-
-<img src="/getting_started/repl_1.png"
-     alt="Picture of the create repl button on replit's website"
-     width = "200">
-
-Then you should be presented with a menu that lets you search for the type of REPL to create.
-Find the Java template and click "Create".
-
-<img src="/getting_started/repl_2.png"
-     alt="Unfilled in create from template menu on replit"
-     width = "200">
-
-<img src="/getting_started/repl_3.png"
-     alt="Filled in create from template menu on replit"
-     width = "200">
-
-## Step 3. Run code
-
-You should land on a screen with a big green run button, an open file called
-"Main.java", and a blank window labeled "console".
-
-<img
-~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
-     src="/getting_started/repl_4_voidmain.png"
-~ELSE
-     src="/getting_started/repl_4.png"
-~ENDIF
-     alt="Picture of an unran hello world program"
-     width = "800">
-
-Click it and you should see the text `Hello, world!` appear under the console window.
-
-<img
-~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
-     src="/getting_started/repl_5_voidmain.png"
-~ELSE
-     src="/getting_started/repl_5.png"
-~ENDIF
-     alt="Picture of a hello world program after running"
-     width = "800">
+# Getting Started
diff --git a/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md b/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
index a1fb0a4..edca4d1 100644
--- a/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
+++ b/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ char r = assassin.charAt(indexOfR);
 System.out.println(r);
 ```
 
-If you give a number equal to or greater than the lenth of the `String` or a number less than zero,
+If you give a number equal to or greater than the length of the `String` or a number less than zero,
 you will get an error.
 
 ```java

From b163263e1016da36492dfad239ec0c5e0fff3801 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 12:46:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/24] loops

---
 book.toml                                  |   4 +
 src/SUMMARY.md                             |   8 +-
 src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md |   2 +
 src/branching_logic/challenges.md          | 118 ++++
 src/challenges.md                          |   1 -
 src/loops.md                               |  10 +
 src/loops/break.md                         |  36 ++
 src/loops/continue.md                      |  21 +
 src/loops/do.md                            |   1 -
 src/loops/do_while.md                      |  37 ++
 src/loops/endless_loops.md                 |  24 +
 src/loops/labeled_break.md                 |  59 ++
 src/loops/labeled_continue.md              |  18 +
 src/loops/nested_loops.md                  |  73 +++
 src/loops/termination_conditions.md        |   1 -
 src/loops/unreachable_code.md              |  15 +
 src/loops/while.md                         |  39 ++
 src/prelude/asking_for_help.md             |  11 +-
 theme/book.js                              | 688 +++++++++++++++++++++
 theme/css/chrome.css                       | 538 ++++++++++++++++
 theme/css/general.css                      | 203 ++++++
 theme/css/print.css                        |  54 ++
 theme/css/variables.css                    | 255 ++++++++
 theme/favicon.png                          | Bin 0 -> 5679 bytes
 theme/favicon.svg                          |  22 +
 theme/highlight.css                        |  82 +++
 theme/highlight.js                         |   6 +
 theme/index.hbs                            | 316 ++++++++++
 28 files changed, 2630 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/challenges.md
 delete mode 100644 src/loops/do.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/do_while.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/endless_loops.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/labeled_break.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/labeled_continue.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/nested_loops.md
 delete mode 100644 src/loops/termination_conditions.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops/unreachable_code.md
 create mode 100644 theme/book.js
 create mode 100644 theme/css/chrome.css
 create mode 100644 theme/css/general.css
 create mode 100644 theme/css/print.css
 create mode 100644 theme/css/variables.css
 create mode 100644 theme/favicon.png
 create mode 100644 theme/favicon.svg
 create mode 100644 theme/highlight.css
 create mode 100644 theme/highlight.js
 create mode 100644 theme/index.hbs

diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml
index 2d83f3d..08c3a61 100644
--- a/book.toml
+++ b/book.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ git-repository-url = "https://github.com/Together-Java/ModernJava"
 edit-url-template = "https://github.com/Together-Java/ModernJava/edit/develop/{path}"
 mathjax-support = true
 
+[output.html.fold]
+enable = true    # whether or not to enable section folding
+level = 0         # the depth to start folding
+
 [preprocessor.features]
 command = "python3 features.py"
 # Not ready
diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 4ca1698..4137e81 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -105,10 +105,14 @@
     - [Challenges](./branching_logic/challenges.md)
 - [Loops](./loops.md)
     - [While](./loops/while.md)
-    - [Termination Conditions](./loops/termination_conditions.md)
+    - [Endless Loops](./loops/endless_loops.md)
     - [Break](./loops/break.md)
     - [Continue](./loops/continue.md)
-    - [Do](./loops/do.md)
+    - [Unreachable Code](./loops/unreachable_code.md)
+    - [Do While](./loops/do_while.md)
+    - [Nested Loops](./loops/nested_loops.md)
+    - [Labeled Break](./loops/labeled_break.md)
+    - [Labeled Continue](./loops/labeled_continue.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
 
 # User Defined Types
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
index 0457428..b1a6344 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
@@ -26,5 +26,7 @@ itself already evaluates to a `boolean`. You can directly assign the variable to
 ```java
 int age = 22;
 boolean canRent = age > 25;
+
+System.out.println(canRent);
 ```
 
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/challenges.md b/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
index 9358534..2995476 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
@@ -1 +1,119 @@
 # Challenges
+
+Remember the rules for this are
+
+* Try to use only the information given up to this point in this book.
+* Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt
+
+## Challenge 1
+
+Write code that will outputs `The number is even` if `x` is an even number.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this variable to different numbers
+    // to test your code
+    int x = 5;
+
+    // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this variable to different numbers
+        // to test your code
+        int x = 5;
+
+        // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 2
+
+Make it so that your code from the previous problem will also output `The number is odd`
+if the number is odd.
+
+## Challenge 3
+
+Write code that will output `allowed` if the the `password` variable is equal to
+`"abc123"` and `not allowed` if it isn't.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this variable to different strings
+    // to test your code
+    String password = "apple";
+
+    // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this variable to different strings
+        // to test your code
+        String password = "apple";
+
+        // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 4
+
+Write code that will assign the string `The number is {x} even` to `message` if `x` is an even number
+and `The number is {x} odd` if `x` is an even number.
+
+So if `x` is 12 the string you should assign `The number 12 is even` to `message`.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    String message;
+
+    // Change this variable to different numbers
+    // to test your code
+    int x = 5;
+
+    // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+
+    System.out.println(message);
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        String message;
+
+        // Change this variable to different numbers
+        // to test your code
+        int x = 5;
+
+        // < YOUR CODE HERE >
+
+        System.out.println(message);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/challenges.md b/src/challenges.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9358534..0000000
--- a/src/challenges.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Challenges
diff --git a/src/loops.md b/src/loops.md
index 4b787b4..7c5f106 100644
--- a/src/loops.md
+++ b/src/loops.md
@@ -1 +1,11 @@
 # Loops
+
+`if` and `else` let you write programs which can take branching paths,
+but they will still run from the beginning to the end.
+
+Not all programs can just _end_ though. 
+Video games should draw their world at one second and do it again the next.
+If you enter the wrong password on your phone, it should ask you for your password again.
+
+This is what "loops" are for. You run code starting from some point and then
+loop back to that same point and run that code again.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/break.md b/src/loops/break.md
index aa29be5..23e170c 100644
--- a/src/loops/break.md
+++ b/src/loops/break.md
@@ -1 +1,37 @@
 # Break
+
+While loops will usually stop running when the condition at the top evaluates
+to `false`.
+
+This can be bypassed by using the `break` statement.
+
+```java
+int x = 5;
+while (x > 0) {
+    if (x == 2) {
+        break;
+    }
+    x--;
+}
+
+System.out.println(
+    "Final value of x is " + x
+);
+```
+
+If a `break` is reached, the code in the loop stops running immediately.
+The condition of the loop is not checked again.
+
+This can be useful in a variety of situations, but notably it is the only way to exit
+from an otherwise endless loop.
+
+```java
+while (true) {
+    System.out.println(
+        "The people started singing it not knowing what it was"
+    );
+
+    // Will immediately leave the loop
+    break;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/continue.md b/src/loops/continue.md
index ca98b56..c4c0696 100644
--- a/src/loops/continue.md
+++ b/src/loops/continue.md
@@ -1 +1,22 @@
 # Continue
+
+Unless there is a `break`, while loops will usually run all the code in their body from top to bottom.
+
+The only other situation this will not happen is if a `continue` statement is reached.
+
+```java
+// Will output a message for every number except 4
+int x = 5;
+while (x > 0) {
+    if (x == 4) {
+        continue;
+    }
+    System.out.println(x + " is a good number");
+    x--;
+}
+```
+
+If a `continue` is reached the code in the loop stops running immediately but, unlike `break`,
+the condition of the loop _is_ checked again. If it still evaluates to `true` then the code
+in the loop will run again.
+
diff --git a/src/loops/do.md b/src/loops/do.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5af93df..0000000
--- a/src/loops/do.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Do
diff --git a/src/loops/do_while.md b/src/loops/do_while.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5bca64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/do_while.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Do
+
+One variation on a while loop is a "do-while loop."
+
+```java
+int x = 0;
+do {
+    System.out.println(x);
+    x++
+} while(x < 5);
+```
+
+You write `do`, some code inside of `{` and `}`, and then `while`, a condition inside of
+`(` and `)`, and finally a semicolon.
+
+```java
+do {
+    <CODE HERE>
+} while (CONDITION);
+```
+
+In most situations it works exactly the same as a regular while loop. The only difference
+is that the first time the loop is reached the condition for the loop is not checked.
+
+```java
+int x = 0;
+do {
+    System.out.println("this will run");
+} while (x != 0)
+
+while (x != 0) {
+    System.out.println("this will not run");
+}
+```
+
+One way to remember the difference is that in a "do-while loop" you always "do the thing"
+at least once.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/endless_loops.md b/src/loops/endless_loops.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..966aaca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/endless_loops.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Endless Loops
+
+If a while loop will never end, we call that an endless loop.
+
+This can happen if the condition is a constant like `while (true)`
+
+```java
+while (true) {
+    System.out.println("This is the song that never ends");
+}
+```
+
+Or if the variables tested in the condition are not updated inside of the loop.
+
+```java
+// x is never changed
+int x = 0;
+while (x != 1) {
+    System.out.println("It goes on and on my friends");
+}
+```
+
+Many games should never really "finish" so at the very start of that sort of program it is not uncommon
+to see a `while (true)`.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/labeled_break.md b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b35fa02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Labeled Break
+
+If you want to break out of a nested loop from one of the inner loops, you can use a "labeled break."
+
+```java
+outerLoop:
+while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+        break outerLoop;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+To do this, before your outer while or do-while loop you need to add a "label" followed by a `:`.
+A label is an arbitrary name just like a variable's name.
+
+```java
+<LABEL>:
+while (<CONDITION_1>) {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+```java
+<LABEL>:
+do {
+    <CODE HERE>
+} while (<CONDITION>);
+```
+
+Then inside of an inner loop, you just need to write `break` followed by the label name.
+
+```java
+int x = 5;
+int y = 3;
+
+xLoop:
+while (x != 0) {
+    while (y != 0) {
+        if (x == 2 && y == 2) {
+            break xLoop;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(
+            "x is " + x
+        );
+        System.out.println(
+            "y is " + y
+        );
+
+        x--;
+        y--;
+    }
+}
+
+System.out.println("done.")
+```
+
+In this case the `x != 0` loop will be broken out of, not the `y != 0` one.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/labeled_continue.md b/src/loops/labeled_continue.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df67757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/labeled_continue.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Labeled Continue
+
+In the same way a labeled break can break out of a nested loop, a labeled continue
+can jump back to the start of a nested loop.
+
+You just write `continue` followed by the label name.
+
+```java
+// Will keep going back to the top of the outer loop
+outerLoop:
+while (true) {
+    System.out.println("inside outer loop");
+    while (true) {
+        System.out.println("inside inner loop");
+        continue outerLoop;
+    }
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/nested_loops.md b/src/loops/nested_loops.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..998a91d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/nested_loops.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Nested Loops
+
+Just like with `if`, The code inside of the `{` and `}` can be anything, including more loops.
+
+```java
+int x = 5;
+int y = 3;
+
+while (x != 0) {
+    while (y != 0) {
+        System.out.println(
+            "x is " + x
+        );
+        System.out.println(
+            "y is " + y
+        );
+
+        x--;
+        y--;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+If you are inside such a "nested loop", `continue` and `break` apply to the
+"closest" loop.
+
+That is, if a `continue` or a `break` were to appear here
+
+```java
+while (x != 0) {
+    while (y != 0) {
+        if (y == 2) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(
+            "x is " + x
+        );
+        System.out.println(
+            "y is " + y
+        );
+
+        x--;
+        y--;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Then the `y != 0` loop will be broken out of, not the `x != 0` one.
+And if a `continue` or a `break` were to appear here
+
+```java
+while (x != 0) {
+    if (x == 2) {
+        break;
+    }
+    while (y != 0) {
+
+
+        System.out.println(
+            "x is " + x
+        );
+        System.out.println(
+            "y is " + y
+        );
+
+        x--;
+        y--;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Then the `x != 0` loop would be the "target."
diff --git a/src/loops/termination_conditions.md b/src/loops/termination_conditions.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 51a076f..0000000
--- a/src/loops/termination_conditions.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Termination Conditions
diff --git a/src/loops/unreachable_code.md b/src/loops/unreachable_code.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21843a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops/unreachable_code.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Unreachable Code
+
+If you write some code directly after a `break` or `continue`
+that code will be "unreachable."
+
+Java knows this and so won't let any code like that run.
+
+```java
+// This will not work
+while (true) {
+    continue;
+
+    System.out.println("this is unreachable");
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops/while.md b/src/loops/while.md
index b8e353a..a49a906 100644
--- a/src/loops/while.md
+++ b/src/loops/while.md
@@ -1 +1,40 @@
 # While
+
+One way to make a loop in code is to use `while`.
+
+```java
+int x = 5;
+while (x != 0) {
+    System.out.println(x);
+    x--;
+}
+```
+
+You write `while` followed by a condition inside of `(` and `)` and some code inside of `{` and `}`.
+
+```java
+while (CONDITION) {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+If the condition evaluates to `true` then the code inside of `{` and `}` will run.
+After that code runs, the condition will be evaluated again. If it still evaluates to
+`true` then the code `{` and `}` will run again.
+
+This will continue until the code in the condition evaluates to `false`.
+
+```java
+int glassesOfMilk = 99;
+while (glassesOfMilk > 0) {
+    System.out.println(
+        glassesOfMilk + " glasses of milk left"
+    );
+
+    glassesOfMilk--;
+}
+```
+
+If a loop is made with `while` we call it a "while loop."[^tortoise]
+
+[^tortoise]: "We called him Tortoise because he taught us." - Lewis Carroll
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md b/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
index 0bfda38..c053e6f 100644
--- a/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
+++ b/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 # Asking for Help
 
-I expect that most people will need help or guidance sooner or later.
+
+If anything in this confuses you or feels intimidating please, please **reach out** to someone. 
 
 If you are in a position to, make use of your teacher. That is what they
 are there for.
 
-If you are not, there are various communities online who have dedicated
-spaces and folks ready to help you with any problems you might have.
-
-- [https://discord.gg/together-java](https://discord.gg/together-java)
-- [https://discord.gg/programming](https://discord.gg/java-665951159567253529)
-- [https://www.reddit.com/r/javahelp](https://www.reddit.com/r/javahelp)
+If you are not, on every page there is a button in the top right
+corner which you can click to ask a question.
 
 When you do, keep in mind these basic rules.
 
diff --git a/theme/book.js b/theme/book.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e303ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/book.js
@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
+"use strict";
+
+// Fix back button cache problem
+window.onunload = function () { };
+
+// Global variable, shared between modules
+function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
+    let code_block = playground.querySelector("code");
+
+    if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
+        let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
+        return editor.getValue();
+    } else if (hidden) {
+        return code_block.textContent;
+    } else {
+        return code_block.innerText;
+    }
+}
+
+(function codeSnippets() {
+    function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) {
+        return Promise.race([
+            fetch(url, options),
+            new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), timeout))
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    var playgrounds = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playground"));
+    if (playgrounds.length > 0) {
+        fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/meta/crates", {
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': "application/json",
+            },
+            method: 'POST',
+            mode: 'cors',
+        })
+        .then(response => response.json())
+        .then(response => {
+            // get list of crates available in the rust playground
+            let playground_crates = response.crates.map(item => item["id"]);
+            playgrounds.forEach(block => handle_crate_list_update(block, playground_crates));
+        });
+    }
+
+    function handle_crate_list_update(playground_block, playground_crates) {
+        // update the play buttons after receiving the response
+        update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
+
+        // and install on change listener to dynamically update ACE editors
+        if (window.ace) {
+            let code_block = playground_block.querySelector("code");
+            if (code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
+                let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
+                editor.addEventListener("change", function (e) {
+                    update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
+                });
+                // add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code
+                editor.commands.addCommand({
+                    name: "run",
+                    bindKey: {
+                        win: "Ctrl-Enter",
+                        mac: "Ctrl-Enter"
+                    },
+                    exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playground_block)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // updates the visibility of play button based on `no_run` class and
+    // used crates vs ones available on http://play.rust-lang.org
+    function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) {
+        var play_button = pre_block.querySelector(".play-button");
+
+        // skip if code is `no_run`
+        if (pre_block.querySelector('code').classList.contains("no_run")) {
+            play_button.classList.add("hidden");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // get list of `extern crate`'s from snippet
+        var txt = playground_text(pre_block);
+        var re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g;
+        var snippet_crates = [];
+        var item;
+        while (item = re.exec(txt)) {
+            snippet_crates.push(item[1]);
+        }
+
+        // check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org
+        var all_available = snippet_crates.every(function (elem) {
+            return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1;
+        });
+
+        if (all_available) {
+            play_button.classList.remove("hidden");
+        } else {
+            play_button.classList.add("hidden");
+        }
+    }
+
+    function run_rust_code(code_block) {
+        var result_block = code_block.querySelector(".result");
+        if (!result_block) {
+            result_block = document.createElement('code');
+            result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash';
+
+            code_block.append(result_block);
+        }
+
+        let text = playground_text(code_block);
+        let classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList;
+        let edition = "2015";
+        if(classes.contains("edition2018")) {
+            edition = "2018";
+        } else if(classes.contains("edition2021")) {
+            edition = "2021";
+        }
+        var params = {
+            version: "stable",
+            optimize: "0",
+            code: text,
+            edition: edition
+        };
+
+        if (text.indexOf("#![feature") !== -1) {
+            params.version = "nightly";
+        }
+
+        result_block.innerText = "Running...";
+
+        fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json", {
+            headers: {
+                'Content-Type': "application/json",
+            },
+            method: 'POST',
+            mode: 'cors',
+            body: JSON.stringify(params)
+        })
+        .then(response => response.json())
+        .then(response => {
+            if (response.result.trim() === '') {
+                result_block.innerText = "No output";
+                result_block.classList.add("result-no-output");
+            } else {
+                result_block.innerText = response.result;
+                result_block.classList.remove("result-no-output");
+            }
+        })
+        .catch(error => result_block.innerText = "Playground Communication: " + error.message);
+    }
+
+    // Syntax highlighting Configuration
+    hljs.configure({
+        tabReplace: '    ', // 4 spaces
+        languages: [],      // Languages used for auto-detection
+    });
+
+    let code_nodes = Array
+        .from(document.querySelectorAll('code'))
+        // Don't highlight `inline code` blocks in headers.
+        .filter(function (node) {return !node.parentElement.classList.contains("header"); });
+
+    if (window.ace) {
+        // language-rust class needs to be removed for editable
+        // blocks or highlightjs will capture events
+        code_nodes
+            .filter(function (node) {return node.classList.contains("editable"); })
+            .forEach(function (block) { block.classList.remove('language-rust'); });
+
+        code_nodes
+            .filter(function (node) {return !node.classList.contains("editable"); })
+            .forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
+    } else {
+        code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
+    }
+
+    // Adding the hljs class gives code blocks the color css
+    // even if highlighting doesn't apply
+    code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.add('hljs'); });
+
+    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("code.language-rust")).forEach(function (block) {
+
+        var lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring'));
+        // If no lines were hidden, return
+        if (!lines.length) { return; }
+        block.classList.add("hide-boring");
+
+        var buttons = document.createElement('div');
+        buttons.className = 'buttons';
+        buttons.innerHTML = "<button class=\"fa fa-eye\" title=\"Show hidden lines\" aria-label=\"Show hidden lines\"></button>";
+
+        // add expand button
+        var pre_block = block.parentNode;
+        pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
+
+        pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function (e) {
+            if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-eye')) {
+                e.target.classList.remove('fa-eye');
+                e.target.classList.add('fa-eye-slash');
+                e.target.title = 'Hide lines';
+                e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
+
+                block.classList.remove('hide-boring');
+            } else if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-eye-slash')) {
+                e.target.classList.remove('fa-eye-slash');
+                e.target.classList.add('fa-eye');
+                e.target.title = 'Show hidden lines';
+                e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
+
+                block.classList.add('hide-boring');
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    if (window.playground_copyable) {
+        Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function (block) {
+            var pre_block = block.parentNode;
+            if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playground')) {
+                var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
+                if (!buttons) {
+                    buttons = document.createElement('div');
+                    buttons.className = 'buttons';
+                    pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
+                }
+
+                var clipButton = document.createElement('button');
+                clipButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
+                clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
+                clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title);
+                clipButton.innerHTML = '<i class=\"tooltiptext\"></i>';
+
+                buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Process playground code blocks
+    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playground")).forEach(function (pre_block) {
+        // Add play button
+        var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
+        if (!buttons) {
+            buttons = document.createElement('div');
+            buttons.className = 'buttons';
+            pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
+        }
+
+        var runCodeButton = document.createElement('button');
+        runCodeButton.className = 'fa fa-play play-button';
+        runCodeButton.hidden = true;
+        runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code';
+        runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title);
+
+        buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
+        runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
+            run_rust_code(pre_block);
+        });
+
+        if (window.playground_copyable) {
+            var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
+            copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
+            copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
+            copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
+            copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
+
+            buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
+        }
+
+        let code_block = pre_block.querySelector("code");
+        if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
+            var undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
+            undoChangesButton.className = 'fa fa-history reset-button';
+            undoChangesButton.title = 'Undo changes';
+            undoChangesButton.setAttribute('aria-label', undoChangesButton.title);
+
+            buttons.insertBefore(undoChangesButton, buttons.firstChild);
+
+            undoChangesButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
+                let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
+                editor.setValue(editor.originalCode);
+                editor.clearSelection();
+            });
+        }
+    });
+})();
+
+(function themes() {
+    var html = document.querySelector('html');
+    var themeToggleButton = document.getElementById('theme-toggle');
+    var themePopup = document.getElementById('theme-list');
+    var themeColorMetaTag = document.querySelector('meta[name="theme-color"]');
+    var stylesheets = {
+        ayuHighlight: document.querySelector("[href$='ayu-highlight.css']"),
+        tomorrowNight: document.querySelector("[href$='tomorrow-night.css']"),
+        highlight: document.querySelector("[href$='highlight.css']"),
+    };
+
+    function showThemes() {
+        themePopup.style.display = 'block';
+        themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
+        themePopup.querySelector("button#" + get_theme()).focus();
+    }
+
+    function updateThemeSelected() {
+        themePopup.querySelectorAll('.theme-selected').forEach(function (el) {
+            el.classList.remove('theme-selected');
+        });
+        themePopup.querySelector("button#" + get_theme()).classList.add('theme-selected');
+    }
+
+    function hideThemes() {
+        themePopup.style.display = 'none';
+        themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
+        themeToggleButton.focus();
+    }
+
+    function get_theme() {
+        var theme;
+        try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
+        if (theme === null || theme === undefined) {
+            return default_theme;
+        } else {
+            return theme;
+        }
+    }
+
+    function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
+        let ace_theme;
+
+        if (theme == 'coal' || theme == 'navy') {
+            stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
+            stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = false;
+            stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
+
+            ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
+        } else if (theme == 'ayu') {
+            stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false;
+            stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
+            stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
+            ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
+        } else {
+            stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
+            stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
+            stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false;
+            ace_theme = "ace/theme/dawn";
+        }
+
+        setTimeout(function () {
+            themeColorMetaTag.content = getComputedStyle(document.body).backgroundColor;
+        }, 1);
+
+        if (window.ace && window.editors) {
+            window.editors.forEach(function (editor) {
+                editor.setTheme(ace_theme);
+            });
+        }
+
+        var previousTheme = get_theme();
+
+        if (store) {
+            try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { }
+        }
+
+        html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
+        html.classList.add(theme);
+        updateThemeSelected();
+    }
+
+    // Set theme
+    var theme = get_theme();
+
+    set_theme(theme, false);
+
+    themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
+        if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
+            hideThemes();
+        } else {
+            showThemes();
+        }
+    });
+
+    themePopup.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
+        var theme;
+        if (e.target.className === "theme") {
+            theme = e.target.id;
+        } else if (e.target.parentElement.className === "theme") {
+            theme = e.target.parentElement.id;
+        } else {
+            return;
+        }
+        set_theme(theme);
+    });
+
+    themePopup.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
+        // e.relatedTarget is null in Safari and Firefox on macOS (see workaround below)
+        if (!!e.relatedTarget && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.relatedTarget) && !themePopup.contains(e.relatedTarget)) {
+            hideThemes();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
+    document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
+        if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
+            hideThemes();
+        }
+    });
+
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
+        if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) { return; }
+        if (!themePopup.contains(e.target)) { return; }
+
+        switch (e.key) {
+            case 'Escape':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                hideThemes();
+                break;
+            case 'ArrowUp':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                var li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
+                if (li && li.previousElementSibling) {
+                    li.previousElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'ArrowDown':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                var li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
+                if (li && li.nextElementSibling) {
+                    li.nextElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'Home':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                themePopup.querySelector('li:first-child button').focus();
+                break;
+            case 'End':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                themePopup.querySelector('li:last-child button').focus();
+                break;
+        }
+    });
+})();
+
+(function sidebar() {
+    var html = document.querySelector("html");
+    var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");
+    var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a');
+    var sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle");
+    var sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById("sidebar-resize-handle");
+    var firstContact = null;
+
+    function showSidebar() {
+        html.classList.remove('sidebar-hidden')
+        html.classList.add('sidebar-visible');
+        Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
+            link.setAttribute('tabIndex', 0);
+        });
+        sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
+        sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', false);
+        try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible'); } catch (e) { }
+    }
+
+
+    var sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a.toggle');
+
+    function toggleSection(ev) {
+        ev.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded');
+    }
+
+    Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(function (el) {
+        el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection);
+    });
+
+    function hideSidebar() {
+        html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible')
+        html.classList.add('sidebar-hidden');
+        Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
+            link.setAttribute('tabIndex', -1);
+        });
+        sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
+        sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
+        try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'hidden'); } catch (e) { }
+    }
+
+    // Toggle sidebar
+    sidebarToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function sidebarToggle() {
+        if (html.classList.contains("sidebar-hidden")) {
+            var current_width = parseInt(
+                document.documentElement.style.getPropertyValue('--sidebar-width'), 10);
+            if (current_width < 150) {
+                document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-width', '150px');
+            }
+            showSidebar();
+        } else if (html.classList.contains("sidebar-visible")) {
+            hideSidebar();
+        } else {
+            if (getComputedStyle(sidebar)['transform'] === 'none') {
+                hideSidebar();
+            } else {
+                showSidebar();
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    sidebarResizeHandle.addEventListener('mousedown', initResize, false);
+
+    function initResize(e) {
+        window.addEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
+        window.addEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
+        html.classList.add('sidebar-resizing');
+    }
+    function resize(e) {
+        var pos = (e.clientX - sidebar.offsetLeft);
+        if (pos < 20) {
+            hideSidebar();
+        } else {
+            if (html.classList.contains("sidebar-hidden")) {
+                showSidebar();
+            }
+            pos = Math.min(pos, window.innerWidth - 100);
+            document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-width', pos + 'px');
+        }
+    }
+    //on mouseup remove windows functions mousemove & mouseup
+    function stopResize(e) {
+        html.classList.remove('sidebar-resizing');
+        window.removeEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
+        window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
+    }
+
+    document.addEventListener('touchstart', function (e) {
+        firstContact = {
+            x: e.touches[0].clientX,
+            time: Date.now()
+        };
+    }, { passive: true });
+
+    document.addEventListener('touchmove', function (e) {
+        if (!firstContact)
+            return;
+
+        var curX = e.touches[0].clientX;
+        var xDiff = curX - firstContact.x,
+            tDiff = Date.now() - firstContact.time;
+
+        if (tDiff < 250 && Math.abs(xDiff) >= 150) {
+            if (xDiff >= 0 && firstContact.x < Math.min(document.body.clientWidth * 0.25, 300))
+                showSidebar();
+            else if (xDiff < 0 && curX < 300)
+                hideSidebar();
+
+            firstContact = null;
+        }
+    }, { passive: true });
+
+    // Scroll sidebar to current active section
+    var activeSection = document.getElementById("sidebar").querySelector(".active");
+    if (activeSection) {
+        // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/scrollIntoView
+        activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' });
+    }
+})();
+
+(function chapterNavigation() {
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
+        if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) { return; }
+        if (window.search && window.search.hasFocus()) { return; }
+
+        switch (e.key) {
+            case 'ArrowRight':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                var nextButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.next');
+                if (nextButton) {
+                    window.location.href = nextButton.href;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'ArrowLeft':
+                e.preventDefault();
+                var previousButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.previous');
+                if (previousButton) {
+                    window.location.href = previousButton.href;
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    });
+})();
+
+(function clipboard() {
+    var clipButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.clip-button');
+
+    function hideTooltip(elem) {
+        elem.firstChild.innerText = "";
+        elem.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
+    }
+
+    function showTooltip(elem, msg) {
+        elem.firstChild.innerText = msg;
+        elem.className = 'fa fa-copy tooltipped';
+    }
+
+    var clipboardSnippets = new ClipboardJS('.clip-button', {
+        text: function (trigger) {
+            hideTooltip(trigger);
+            let playground = trigger.closest("pre");
+            return playground_text(playground, false);
+        }
+    });
+
+    Array.from(clipButtons).forEach(function (clipButton) {
+        clipButton.addEventListener('mouseout', function (e) {
+            hideTooltip(e.currentTarget);
+        });
+    });
+
+    clipboardSnippets.on('success', function (e) {
+        e.clearSelection();
+        showTooltip(e.trigger, "Copied!");
+    });
+
+    clipboardSnippets.on('error', function (e) {
+        showTooltip(e.trigger, "Clipboard error!");
+    });
+})();
+
+(function scrollToTop () {
+    var menuTitle = document.querySelector('.menu-title');
+
+    menuTitle.addEventListener('click', function () {
+        document.scrollingElement.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
+    });
+})();
+
+(function controllMenu() {
+    var menu = document.getElementById('menu-bar');
+
+    (function controllPosition() {
+        var scrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop;
+        var prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
+        var minMenuY = -menu.clientHeight - 50;
+        // When the script loads, the page can be at any scroll (e.g. if you reforesh it).
+        menu.style.top = scrollTop + 'px';
+        // Same as parseInt(menu.style.top.slice(0, -2), but faster
+        var topCache = menu.style.top.slice(0, -2);
+        menu.classList.remove('sticky');
+        var stickyCache = false; // Same as menu.classList.contains('sticky'), but faster
+        document.addEventListener('scroll', function () {
+            scrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0);
+            // `null` means that it doesn't need to be updated
+            var nextSticky = null;
+            var nextTop = null;
+            var scrollDown = scrollTop > prevScrollTop;
+            var menuPosAbsoluteY = topCache - scrollTop;
+            if (scrollDown) {
+                nextSticky = false;
+                if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
+                    nextTop = prevScrollTop;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) {
+                    nextSticky = true;
+                } else if (menuPosAbsoluteY < minMenuY) {
+                    nextTop = prevScrollTop + minMenuY;
+                }
+            }
+            if (nextSticky === true && stickyCache === false) {
+                menu.classList.add('sticky');
+                stickyCache = true;
+            } else if (nextSticky === false && stickyCache === true) {
+                menu.classList.remove('sticky');
+                stickyCache = false;
+            }
+            if (nextTop !== null) {
+                menu.style.top = nextTop + 'px';
+                topCache = nextTop;
+            }
+            prevScrollTop = scrollTop;
+        }, { passive: true });
+    })();
+    (function controllBorder() {
+        menu.classList.remove('bordered');
+        document.addEventListener('scroll', function () {
+            if (menu.offsetTop === 0) {
+                menu.classList.remove('bordered');
+            } else {
+                menu.classList.add('bordered');
+            }
+        }, { passive: true });
+    })();
+})();
diff --git a/theme/css/chrome.css b/theme/css/chrome.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59eae11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/css/chrome.css
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+/* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */
+
+@import 'variables.css';
+
+::-webkit-scrollbar {
+    background: var(--bg);
+}
+::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+    background: var(--scrollbar);
+}
+html {
+    scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg);
+}
+#searchresults a,
+.content a:link,
+a:visited,
+a > .hljs {
+    color: var(--links);
+}
+
+/* Menu Bar */
+
+#menu-bar,
+#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
+    z-index: 101;
+    margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding));
+}
+#menu-bar {
+    position: relative;
+    display: flex;
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    background-color: var(--bg);
+    border-bottom-color: var(--bg);
+    border-bottom-width: 1px;
+    border-bottom-style: solid;
+}
+#menu-bar.sticky,
+.js #menu-bar-hover-placeholder:hover + #menu-bar,
+.js #menu-bar:hover,
+.js.sidebar-visible #menu-bar {
+    position: -webkit-sticky;
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0 !important;
+}
+#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
+    position: sticky;
+    position: -webkit-sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    height: var(--menu-bar-height);
+}
+#menu-bar.bordered {
+    border-bottom-color: var(--table-border-color);
+}
+#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
+    position: relative;
+    padding: 0 8px;
+    z-index: 10;
+    line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
+    cursor: pointer;
+    transition: color 0.5s;
+}
+@media only screen and (max-width: 420px) {
+    #menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
+        padding: 0 5px;
+    }
+}
+
+.icon-button {
+    border: none;
+    background: none;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: inherit;
+}
+.icon-button i {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.right-buttons {
+    margin: 0 15px;
+}
+.right-buttons a {
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+.left-buttons {
+    display: flex;
+    margin: 0 5px;
+}
+.no-js .left-buttons {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+.menu-title {
+    display: inline-block;
+    font-weight: 200;
+    font-size: 2.4rem;
+    line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
+    text-align: center;
+    margin: 0;
+    flex: 1;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+.js .menu-title {
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.menu-bar,
+.menu-bar:visited,
+.nav-chapters,
+.nav-chapters:visited,
+.mobile-nav-chapters,
+.mobile-nav-chapters:visited,
+.menu-bar .icon-button,
+.menu-bar a i {
+    color: var(--icons);
+}
+
+.menu-bar i:hover,
+.menu-bar .icon-button:hover,
+.nav-chapters:hover,
+.mobile-nav-chapters i:hover {
+    color: var(--icons-hover);
+}
+
+/* Nav Icons */
+
+.nav-chapters {
+    font-size: 2.5em;
+    text-align: center;
+    text-decoration: none;
+
+    position: fixed;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+    margin: 0;
+    max-width: 150px;
+    min-width: 90px;
+
+    display: flex;
+    justify-content: center;
+    align-content: center;
+    flex-direction: column;
+
+    transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
+}
+
+.nav-chapters:hover {
+    text-decoration: none;
+    background-color: var(--theme-hover);
+    transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
+}
+
+.nav-wrapper {
+    margin-top: 50px;
+    display: none;
+}
+
+.mobile-nav-chapters {
+    font-size: 2.5em;
+    text-align: center;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    width: 90px;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
+}
+
+.previous {
+    float: left;
+}
+
+.next {
+    float: right;
+    right: var(--page-padding);
+}
+
+@media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) {
+    .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
+    .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
+}
+
+@media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) {
+    .sidebar-visible .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
+    .sidebar-visible .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
+}
+
+/* Inline code */
+
+:not(pre) > .hljs {
+    display: inline;
+    padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+:not(pre):not(a) > .hljs {
+    color: var(--inline-code-color);
+    overflow-x: initial;
+}
+
+a:hover > .hljs {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+pre {
+    position: relative;
+}
+pre > .buttons {
+    position: absolute;
+    z-index: 100;
+    right: 0px;
+    top: 2px;
+    margin: 0px;
+    padding: 2px 0px;
+
+    color: var(--sidebar-fg);
+    cursor: pointer;
+    visibility: hidden;
+    opacity: 0;
+    transition: visibility 0.1s linear, opacity 0.1s linear;
+}
+pre:hover > .buttons {
+    visibility: visible;
+    opacity: 1
+}
+pre > .buttons :hover {
+    color: var(--sidebar-active);
+    border-color: var(--icons-hover);
+    background-color: var(--theme-hover);
+}
+pre > .buttons i {
+    margin-left: 8px;
+}
+pre > .buttons button {
+    cursor: inherit;
+    margin: 0px 5px;
+    padding: 3px 5px;
+    font-size: 14px;
+
+    border-style: solid;
+    border-width: 1px;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    border-color: var(--icons);
+    background-color: var(--theme-popup-bg);
+    transition: 100ms;
+    transition-property: color,border-color,background-color;
+    color: var(--icons);
+}
+@media (pointer: coarse) {
+    pre > .buttons button {
+        /* On mobile, make it easier to tap buttons. */
+        padding: 0.3rem 1rem;
+    }
+}
+pre > code {
+    padding: 1rem;
+}
+
+/* FIXME: ACE editors overlap their buttons because ACE does absolute
+   positioning within the code block which breaks padding. The only solution I
+   can think of is to move the padding to the outer pre tag (or insert a div
+   wrapper), but that would require fixing a whole bunch of CSS rules.
+*/
+.hljs.ace_editor {
+  padding: 0rem 0rem;
+}
+
+pre > .result {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* Search */
+
+#searchresults a {
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+mark {
+    border-radius: 2px;
+    padding: 0 3px 1px 3px;
+    margin: 0 -3px -1px -3px;
+    background-color: var(--search-mark-bg);
+    transition: background-color 300ms linear;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+mark.fade-out {
+    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;
+    cursor: auto;
+}
+
+.searchbar-outer {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    max-width: var(--content-max-width);
+}
+
+#searchbar {
+    width: 100%;
+    margin: 5px auto 0px auto;
+    padding: 10px 16px;
+    transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;
+    border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color);
+    border-radius: 3px;
+    background-color: var(--searchbar-bg);
+    color: var(--searchbar-fg);
+}
+#searchbar:focus,
+#searchbar.active {
+    box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color);
+}
+
+.searchresults-header {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1em;
+    padding: 18px 0 0 5px;
+    color: var(--searchresults-header-fg);
+}
+
+.searchresults-outer {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    max-width: var(--content-max-width);
+    border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color);
+}
+
+ul#searchresults {
+    list-style: none;
+    padding-left: 20px;
+}
+ul#searchresults li {
+    margin: 10px 0px;
+    padding: 2px;
+    border-radius: 2px;
+}
+ul#searchresults li.focus {
+    background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg);
+}
+ul#searchresults span.teaser {
+    display: block;
+    clear: both;
+    margin: 5px 0 0 20px;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+}
+ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-style: normal;
+}
+
+/* Sidebar */
+
+.sidebar {
+    position: fixed;
+    left: 0;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+    width: var(--sidebar-width);
+    font-size: 0.875em;
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+    overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
+    background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
+    color: var(--sidebar-fg);
+}
+.sidebar-resizing {
+    -moz-user-select: none;
+    -webkit-user-select: none;
+    -ms-user-select: none;
+    user-select: none;
+}
+.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar {
+    transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */
+}
+.sidebar code {
+    line-height: 2em;
+}
+.sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+    position: absolute;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    padding: 10px 10px;
+}
+.sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
+    position: absolute;
+    cursor: col-resize;
+    width: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+}
+.js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
+    cursor: col-resize;
+    width: 5px;
+}
+.sidebar-hidden .sidebar {
+    transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width)));
+}
+.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {
+    background: var(--sidebar-bg);
+}
+.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+    background: var(--scrollbar);
+}
+
+.sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
+    transform: translateX(var(--sidebar-width));
+}
+@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
+    .sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
+        transform: none;
+        margin-left: var(--sidebar-width);
+    }
+}
+
+.chapter {
+    list-style: none outside none;
+    padding-left: 0;
+    line-height: 2.2em;
+}
+
+.chapter ol {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+.chapter li {
+    display: flex;
+    color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
+}
+.chapter li a {
+    display: block;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    color: var(--sidebar-fg);
+}
+
+.chapter li a:hover {
+    color: var(--sidebar-active);
+}
+
+.chapter li a.active {
+    color: var(--sidebar-active);
+}
+
+.chapter li > a.toggle {
+    cursor: pointer;
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+    user-select: none;
+    opacity: 0.68;
+}
+
+.chapter li > a.toggle div {
+    transition: transform 0.5s;
+}
+
+/* collapse the section */
+.chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+.chapter li.chapter-item {
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+    margin-top: 0.6em;
+}
+
+.chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div {
+    transform: rotate(90deg);
+}
+
+.spacer {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 3px;
+    margin: 5px 0px;
+}
+.chapter .spacer {
+    background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer);
+}
+
+@media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) {
+    .chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; }
+    .spacer { margin: 10px 0; }
+}
+
+.section {
+    list-style: none outside none;
+    padding-left: 20px;
+    line-height: 1.9em;
+}
+
+/* Theme Menu Popup */
+
+.theme-popup {
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 10px;
+    top: var(--menu-bar-height);
+    z-index: 1000;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    font-size: 0.7em;
+    color: var(--fg);
+    background: var(--theme-popup-bg);
+    border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border);
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    list-style: none;
+    display: none;
+    /* Don't let the children's background extend past the rounded corners. */
+    overflow: hidden;
+}
+.theme-popup .default {
+    color: var(--icons);
+}
+.theme-popup .theme {
+    width: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 2px 20px;
+    line-height: 25px;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+    text-align: left;
+    cursor: pointer;
+    color: inherit;
+    background: inherit;
+    font-size: inherit;
+}
+.theme-popup .theme:hover {
+    background-color: var(--theme-hover);
+}
+
+.theme-selected::before {
+    display: inline-block;
+    content: "✓";
+    margin-left: -14px;
+    width: 14px;
+}
diff --git a/theme/css/general.css b/theme/css/general.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..344b53e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/css/general.css
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/* Base styles and content styles */
+
+@import 'variables.css';
+
+:root {
+    /* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
+    font-size: 62.5%;
+}
+
+html {
+    font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
+    color: var(--fg);
+    background-color: var(--bg);
+    text-size-adjust: none;
+    -webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
+}
+
+body {
+    margin: 0;
+    font-size: 1.6rem;
+    overflow-x: hidden;
+}
+
+code {
+    font-family: var(--mono-font) !important;
+    font-size: var(--code-font-size);
+}
+
+/* make long words/inline code not x overflow */
+main {
+    overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
+/* make wide tables scroll if they overflow */
+.table-wrapper {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+}
+
+/* Don't change font size in headers. */
+h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
+    font-size: unset;
+}
+
+.left { float: left; }
+.right { float: right; }
+.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
+.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
+.hidden { display: none !important; }
+
+h2, h3 { margin-top: 2.5em; }
+h4, h5 { margin-top: 2em; }
+
+.header + .header h3,
+.header + .header h4,
+.header + .header h5 {
+    margin-top: 1em;
+}
+
+h1:target::before,
+h2:target::before,
+h3:target::before,
+h4:target::before,
+h5:target::before,
+h6:target::before {
+    display: inline-block;
+    content: "»";
+    margin-left: -30px;
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+/* This is broken on Safari as of version 14, but is fixed
+   in Safari Technology Preview 117 which I think will be Safari 14.2.
+   https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=218076
+*/
+:target {
+    scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
+}
+
+.page {
+    outline: 0;
+    padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
+    margin-top: calc(0px - var(--menu-bar-height)); /* Compensate for the #menu-bar-hover-placeholder */
+}
+.page-wrapper {
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
+    transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
+}
+
+.content {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+    padding: 0 5px 50px 5px;
+}
+.content main {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    max-width: var(--content-max-width);
+}
+.content p { line-height: 1.45em; }
+.content ol { line-height: 1.45em; }
+.content ul { line-height: 1.45em; }
+.content a { text-decoration: none; }
+.content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
+.content img, .content video { max-width: 100%; }
+.content .header:link,
+.content .header:visited {
+    color: var(--fg);
+}
+.content .header:link,
+.content .header:visited:hover {
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+table {
+    margin: 0 auto;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+table td {
+    padding: 3px 20px;
+    border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid;
+}
+table thead {
+    background: var(--table-header-bg);
+}
+table thead td {
+    font-weight: 700;
+    border: none;
+}
+table thead th {
+    padding: 3px 20px;
+}
+table thead tr {
+    border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
+}
+/* Alternate background colors for rows */
+table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) {
+    background: var(--table-alternate-bg);
+}
+
+
+blockquote {
+    margin: 20px 0;
+    padding: 0 20px;
+    color: var(--fg);
+    background-color: var(--quote-bg);
+    border-top: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
+    border-bottom: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
+}
+
+kbd {
+    background-color: var(--table-border-color);
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    border: solid 1px var(--theme-popup-border);
+    box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 var(--theme-hover);
+    display: inline-block;
+    font-size: var(--code-font-size);
+    font-family: var(--mono-font);
+    line-height: 10px;
+    padding: 4px 5px;
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+:not(.footnote-definition) + .footnote-definition,
+.footnote-definition + :not(.footnote-definition) {
+    margin-top: 2em;
+}
+.footnote-definition {
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+    margin: 0.5em 0;
+}
+.footnote-definition p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+.tooltiptext {
+    position: absolute;
+    visibility: hidden;
+    color: #fff;
+    background-color: #333;
+    transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */
+    left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */
+    top: -35px;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    text-align: center;
+    border-radius: 6px;
+    padding: 5px 8px;
+    margin: 5px;
+    z-index: 1000;
+}
+.tooltipped .tooltiptext {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+.chapter li.part-title {
+    color: var(--sidebar-fg);
+    margin: 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.result-no-output {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
diff --git a/theme/css/print.css b/theme/css/print.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e690f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/css/print.css
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+#sidebar,
+#menu-bar,
+.nav-chapters,
+.mobile-nav-chapters {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+#page-wrapper.page-wrapper {
+    transform: none;
+    margin-left: 0px;
+    overflow-y: initial;
+}
+
+#content {
+    max-width: none;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+.page {
+    overflow-y: initial;
+}
+
+code {
+    background-color: #666666;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+
+    /* Force background to be printed in Chrome */
+    -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
+}
+
+pre > .buttons {
+    z-index: 2;
+}
+
+a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
+    color: #4183c4;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+    page-break-inside: avoid;
+    page-break-after: avoid;
+}
+
+pre, code {
+    page-break-inside: avoid;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+}
+
+.fa {
+    display: none !important;
+}
diff --git a/theme/css/variables.css b/theme/css/variables.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21bf8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/css/variables.css
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+
+/* Globals */
+
+:root {
+    --sidebar-width: 300px;
+    --page-padding: 15px;
+    --content-max-width: 750px;
+    --menu-bar-height: 50px;
+    --mono-font: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace;
+    --code-font-size: 0.875em /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
+}
+
+/* Themes */
+
+.ayu {
+    --bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%);
+    --fg: #c5c5c5;
+
+    --sidebar-bg: #14191f;
+    --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
+    --sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773;
+    --sidebar-active: #ffb454;
+    --sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
+
+    --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
+
+    --icons: #737480;
+    --icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
+
+    --links: #0096cf;
+
+    --inline-code-color: #ffb454;
+
+    --theme-popup-bg: #14191f;
+    --theme-popup-border: #5c6773;
+    --theme-hover: #191f26;
+
+    --quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
+    --quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
+
+    --table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%);
+    --table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%);
+    --table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%);
+
+    --searchbar-border-color: #848484;
+    --searchbar-bg: #424242;
+    --searchbar-fg: #fff;
+    --searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f;
+    --searchresults-header-fg: #666;
+    --searchresults-border-color: #888;
+    --searchresults-li-bg: #252932;
+    --search-mark-bg: #e3b171;
+}
+
+.coal {
+    --bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
+    --fg: #98a3ad;
+
+    --sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
+    --sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
+    --sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
+    --sidebar-active: #3473ad;
+    --sidebar-spacer: #393939;
+
+    --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
+
+    --icons: #43484d;
+    --icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
+
+    --links: #2b79a2;
+
+    --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
+
+    --theme-popup-bg: #141617;
+    --theme-popup-border: #43484d;
+    --theme-hover: #1f2124;
+
+    --quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
+    --quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
+
+    --table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
+    --table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
+    --table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
+
+    --searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
+    --searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
+    --searchbar-fg: #000;
+    --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
+    --searchresults-header-fg: #666;
+    --searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
+    --searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
+    --search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
+}
+
+.light {
+    --bg: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
+    --fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
+
+    --sidebar-bg: #fafafa;
+    --sidebar-fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
+    --sidebar-non-existant: #aaaaaa;
+    --sidebar-active: #1f1fff;
+    --sidebar-spacer: #f4f4f4;
+
+    --scrollbar: #8F8F8F;
+
+    --icons: #747474;
+    --icons-hover: #000000;
+
+    --links: #20609f;
+
+    --inline-code-color: #301900;
+
+    --theme-popup-bg: #fafafa;
+    --theme-popup-border: #cccccc;
+    --theme-hover: #e6e6e6;
+
+    --quote-bg: hsl(197, 37%, 96%);
+    --quote-border: hsl(197, 37%, 91%);
+
+    --table-border-color: hsl(0, 0%, 95%);
+    --table-header-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 80%);
+    --table-alternate-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 97%);
+
+    --searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
+    --searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
+    --searchbar-fg: #000;
+    --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
+    --searchresults-header-fg: #666;
+    --searchresults-border-color: #888;
+    --searchresults-li-bg: #e4f2fe;
+    --search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
+}
+
+.navy {
+    --bg: hsl(226, 23%, 11%);
+    --fg: #bcbdd0;
+
+    --sidebar-bg: #282d3f;
+    --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
+    --sidebar-non-existant: #505274;
+    --sidebar-active: #2b79a2;
+    --sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
+
+    --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
+
+    --icons: #737480;
+    --icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
+
+    --links: #2b79a2;
+
+    --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
+
+    --theme-popup-bg: #161923;
+    --theme-popup-border: #737480;
+    --theme-hover: #282e40;
+
+    --quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
+    --quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
+
+    --table-border-color: hsl(226, 23%, 16%);
+    --table-header-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 31%);
+    --table-alternate-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 14%);
+
+    --searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
+    --searchbar-bg: #aeaec6;
+    --searchbar-fg: #000;
+    --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
+    --searchresults-header-fg: #5f5f71;
+    --searchresults-border-color: #5c5c68;
+    --searchresults-li-bg: #242430;
+    --search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
+}
+
+.rust {
+    --bg: hsl(60, 9%, 87%);
+    --fg: #262625;
+
+    --sidebar-bg: #3b2e2a;
+    --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
+    --sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
+    --sidebar-active: #e69f67;
+    --sidebar-spacer: #45373a;
+
+    --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
+
+    --icons: #737480;
+    --icons-hover: #262625;
+
+    --links: #2b79a2;
+
+    --inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
+
+    --theme-popup-bg: #e1e1db;
+    --theme-popup-border: #b38f6b;
+    --theme-hover: #99908a;
+
+    --quote-bg: hsl(60, 5%, 75%);
+    --quote-border: hsl(60, 5%, 70%);
+
+    --table-border-color: hsl(60, 9%, 82%);
+    --table-header-bg: #b3a497;
+    --table-alternate-bg: hsl(60, 9%, 84%);
+
+    --searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
+    --searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
+    --searchbar-fg: #000;
+    --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
+    --searchresults-header-fg: #666;
+    --searchresults-border-color: #888;
+    --searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2;
+    --search-mark-bg: #e69f67;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+    .light.no-js {
+        --bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
+        --fg: #98a3ad;
+
+        --sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
+        --sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
+        --sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
+        --sidebar-active: #3473ad;
+        --sidebar-spacer: #393939;
+
+        --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
+
+        --icons: #43484d;
+        --icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
+
+        --links: #2b79a2;
+
+        --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;
+
+        --theme-popup-bg: #141617;
+        --theme-popup-border: #43484d;
+        --theme-hover: #1f2124;
+
+        --quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
+        --quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
+
+        --table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
+        --table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
+        --table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
+
+        --searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
+        --searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
+        --searchbar-fg: #000;
+        --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
+        --searchresults-header-fg: #666;
+        --searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
+        --searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
+        --search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/theme/favicon.png b/theme/favicon.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/theme/favicon.svg b/theme/favicon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90e0ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/favicon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 199.7 184.2">
+  <style>
+    @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+      svg { fill: white; }
+    }
+  </style>
+<path d="M189.5,36.8c0.2,2.8,0,5.1-0.6,6.8L153,162c-0.6,2.1-2,3.7-4.2,5c-2.2,1.2-4.4,1.9-6.7,1.9H31.4c-9.6,0-15.3-2.8-17.3-8.4
+  c-0.8-2.2-0.8-3.9,0.1-5.2c0.9-1.2,2.4-1.8,4.6-1.8H123c7.4,0,12.6-1.4,15.4-4.1s5.7-8.9,8.6-18.4l32.9-108.6
+  c1.8-5.9,1-11.1-2.2-15.6S169.9,0,164,0H72.7c-1,0-3.1,0.4-6.1,1.1l0.1-0.4C64.5,0.2,62.6,0,61,0.1s-3,0.5-4.3,1.4
+  c-1.3,0.9-2.4,1.8-3.2,2.8S52,6.5,51.2,8.1c-0.8,1.6-1.4,3-1.9,4.3s-1.1,2.7-1.8,4.2c-0.7,1.5-1.3,2.7-2,3.7c-0.5,0.6-1.2,1.5-2,2.5
+  s-1.6,2-2.2,2.8s-0.9,1.5-1.1,2.2c-0.2,0.7-0.1,1.8,0.2,3.2c0.3,1.4,0.4,2.4,0.4,3.1c-0.3,3-1.4,6.9-3.3,11.6
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+  c0.2,1.6,0.2,2.8-0.1,3.6c-0.6,3-1.8,6.7-3.6,11c-1.8,4.3-3.6,7.9-5.4,11c-0.5,0.8-1.1,1.7-2,2.8c-0.8,1.1-1.5,2-2,2.8
+  s-0.8,1.6-1,2.5c-0.1,0.5,0,1.3,0.4,2.3c0.3,1.1,0.4,1.9,0.4,2.6c-0.1,1.1-0.2,2.6-0.5,4.4c-0.2,1.8-0.4,2.9-0.4,3.2
+  c-1.8,4.8-1.7,9.9,0.2,15.2c2.2,6.2,6.2,11.5,11.9,15.8c5.7,4.3,11.7,6.4,17.8,6.4h110.7c5.2,0,10.1-1.7,14.7-5.2s7.7-7.8,9.2-12.9
+  l33-108.6c1.8-5.8,1-10.9-2.2-15.5C194.9,39.7,192.6,38,189.5,36.8z M59.6,122.8L73.8,80c0,0,7,0,10.8,0s28.8-1.7,25.4,17.5
+  c-3.4,19.2-18.8,25.2-36.8,25.4S59.6,122.8,59.6,122.8z M78.6,116.8c4.7-0.1,18.9-2.9,22.1-17.1S89.2,86.3,89.2,86.3l-8.9,0
+  l-10.2,30.5C70.2,116.9,74,116.9,78.6,116.8z M75.3,68.7L89,26.2h9.8l0.8,34l23.6-34h9.9l-13.6,42.5h-7.1l12.5-35.4l-24.5,35.4h-6.8
+  l-0.8-35L82,68.7H75.3z"/>
+</svg>
+<!-- Original image Copyright Dave Gandy — CC BY 4.0 License -->
diff --git a/theme/highlight.css b/theme/highlight.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba57b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/highlight.css
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * An increased contrast highlighting scheme loosely based on the
+ * "Base16 Atelier Dune Light" theme by Bram de Haan
+ * (http://atelierbram.github.io/syntax-highlighting/atelier-schemes/dune)
+ * Original Base16 color scheme by Chris Kempson
+ * (https://github.com/chriskempson/base16)
+ */
+
+/* Comment */
+.hljs-comment,
+.hljs-quote {
+  color: #575757;
+}
+
+/* Red */
+.hljs-variable,
+.hljs-template-variable,
+.hljs-attribute,
+.hljs-tag,
+.hljs-name,
+.hljs-regexp,
+.hljs-link,
+.hljs-name,
+.hljs-selector-id,
+.hljs-selector-class {
+  color: #d70025;
+}
+
+/* Orange */
+.hljs-number,
+.hljs-meta,
+.hljs-built_in,
+.hljs-builtin-name,
+.hljs-literal,
+.hljs-type,
+.hljs-params {
+  color: #b21e00;
+}
+
+/* Green */
+.hljs-string,
+.hljs-symbol,
+.hljs-bullet {
+  color: #008200;
+}
+
+/* Blue */
+.hljs-title,
+.hljs-section {
+  color: #0030f2;
+}
+
+/* Purple */
+.hljs-keyword,
+.hljs-selector-tag {
+  color: #9d00ec;
+}
+
+.hljs {
+  display: block;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  background: #f6f7f6;
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+.hljs-emphasis {
+  font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.hljs-strong {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.hljs-addition {
+  color: #22863a;
+  background-color: #f0fff4;
+}
+
+.hljs-deletion {
+  color: #b31d28;
+  background-color: #ffeef0;
+}
diff --git a/theme/highlight.js b/theme/highlight.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..180385b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/highlight.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+/*
+  Highlight.js 10.1.1 (93fd0d73)
+  License: BSD-3-Clause
+  Copyright (c) 2006-2020, Ivan Sagalaev
+*/
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diff --git a/theme/index.hbs b/theme/index.hbs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f625de3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/theme/index.hbs
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML>
+<html lang="{{ language }}" class="sidebar-visible no-js {{ default_theme }}">
+    <head>
+        <!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
+        <meta charset="UTF-8">
+        <title>{{ title }}</title>
+        {{#if is_print }}
+        <meta name="robots" content="noindex" />
+        {{/if}}
+        {{#if base_url}}
+        <base href="{{ base_url }}">
+        {{/if}}
+
+
+        <!-- Custom HTML head -->
+        {{> head}}
+
+        <meta name="description" content="{{ description }}">
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+        <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
+
+        {{#if favicon_svg}}
+        <link rel="icon" href="{{ path_to_root }}favicon.svg">
+        {{/if}}
+        {{#if favicon_png}}
+        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{{ path_to_root }}favicon.png">
+        {{/if}}
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}css/variables.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}css/general.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}css/chrome.css">
+        {{#if print_enable}}
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}css/print.css" media="print">
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <!-- Fonts -->
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
+        {{#if copy_fonts}}
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}fonts/fonts.css">
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}highlight.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}tomorrow-night.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ path_to_root }}ayu-highlight.css">
+
+        <!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
+        {{#each additional_css}}
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ ../path_to_root }}{{ this }}">
+        {{/each}}
+
+        {{#if mathjax_support}}
+        <!-- MathJax -->
+        <script async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
+        {{/if}}
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
+        <script>
+            var path_to_root = "{{ path_to_root }}";
+            var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "{{ preferred_dark_theme }}" : "{{ default_theme }}";
+        </script>
+
+        <!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
+        <script>
+            try {
+                var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
+                var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
+
+                if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
+                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
+                }
+
+                if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
+                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
+                }
+            } catch (e) { }
+        </script>
+
+        <!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
+        <script>
+            var theme;
+            try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
+            if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
+            var html = document.querySelector('html');
+            html.classList.remove('no-js')
+            html.classList.remove('{{ default_theme }}')
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+
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+
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+                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
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+                        {{#if search_enabled}}
+                        <button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
+                            <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
+                        </button>
+                        {{/if}}
+                    </div>
+
+                    <h1 class="menu-title">{{ book_title }}</h1>
+
+                    <div class="right-buttons">
+                        {{#if print_enable}}
+                        <a href="{{ path_to_root }}print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
+                            <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
+                        </a>
+                        {{/if}}
+                        {{#if git_repository_url}}
+                        <a href="{{git_repository_url}}" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
+                            <i id="git-repository-button" class="fa {{git_repository_icon}}"></i>
+                        </a>
+                        {{/if}}
+                        {{#if git_repository_edit_url}}
+                        <a href="{{git_repository_edit_url}}" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
+                            <i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
+                        </a>
+                        {{/if}}
+                        
+                        <a href="https://discord.gg/together-java" title="Ask a question" aria-label="Ask a question">
+                            <i id="ask-a-question-button" class="fa fa-question"></i>
+                        </a>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+
+                {{#if search_enabled}}
+                <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
+                    <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
+                        <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
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+                    <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
+                        <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
+                        <ul id="searchresults">
+                        </ul>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+                {{/if}}
+
+                <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
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+                    document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
+                    document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
+                    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
+                        link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
+                    });
+                </script>
+
+                <div id="content" class="content">
+                    <main>
+                        {{{ content }}}
+                    </main>
+
+                    <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
+                        <!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
+                        {{#previous}}
+                            <a rel="prev" href="{{ path_to_root }}{{link}}" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
+                                <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
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+                        {{/previous}}
+
+                        {{#next}}
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+
+                        <div style="clear: both"></div>
+                    </nav>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
+                {{#previous}}
+                    <a rel="prev" href="{{ path_to_root }}{{link}}" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
+                        <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
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+                {{/previous}}
+
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+                    <a rel="next" href="{{ path_to_root }}{{link}}" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
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+                {{/next}}
+            </nav>
+
+        </div>
+
+        {{#if live_reload_endpoint}}
+        <!-- Livereload script (if served using the cli tool) -->
+        <script>
+            const wsProtocol = location.protocol === 'https:' ? 'wss:' : 'ws:';
+            const wsAddress = wsProtocol + "//" + location.host + "/" + "{{{live_reload_endpoint}}}";
+            const socket = new WebSocket(wsAddress);
+            socket.onmessage = function (event) {
+                if (event.data === "reload") {
+                    socket.close();
+                    location.reload();
+                }
+            };
+
+            window.onbeforeunload = function() {
+                socket.close();
+            }
+        </script>
+        {{/if}}
+
+        {{#if google_analytics}}
+        <!-- Google Analytics Tag -->
+        <script>
+            var localAddrs = ["localhost", "127.0.0.1", ""];
+
+            // make sure we don't activate google analytics if the developer is
+            // inspecting the book locally...
+            if (localAddrs.indexOf(document.location.hostname) === -1) {
+                (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
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+        </script>
+        {{/if}}
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+        {{#if playground_copyable}}
+        <script>
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+        <script src="{{ path_to_root }}ace.js"></script>
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+        {{#if search_js}}
+        <script src="{{ path_to_root }}elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
+        <script src="{{ path_to_root }}mark.min.js"></script>
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+
+        <script src="{{ path_to_root }}clipboard.min.js"></script>
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+        <script src="{{ path_to_root }}book.js"></script>
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+        <script src="{{ ../path_to_root }}{{this}}"></script>
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+        window.addEventListener('load', function() {
+            MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {
+                window.setTimeout(window.print, 100);
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+        {{else}}
+        <script>
+        window.addEventListener('load', function() {
+            window.setTimeout(window.print, 100);
+        });
+        </script>
+        {{/if}}
+        {{/if}}
+
+    </body>
+</html>

From 951f9f0c8cf1ee9edf4e800efe016b4e99790030 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 13:26:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                         | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/iteration.md                       |  1 +
 src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md |  1 +
 src/loops/challenges.md                | 14 +++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/iteration.md
 create mode 100644 src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 4137e81..dd415c9 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     - [Inferred Types](./variables/inferred_types.md)
     - [Challenges](./variables/challenges.md)
 
-# Basic Data Types
+# Data Types I
 
 - [Booleans](./boolean.md)
     - [And](./boolean/and.md)
@@ -114,6 +114,33 @@
     - [Labeled Break](./loops/labeled_break.md)
     - [Labeled Continue](./loops/labeled_continue.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
+- [Iteration](./iteration.md)
+    - [Counting Up](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
+    - [Counting Down]()
+    - [Iterate over a String]()
+
+# Data Types II
+
+- [Reference Types]
+- [Primitive Types]
+- [null]()
+- [Arrays]()
+    - [Array Literals]()
+    - [Get item at index]()
+    - [Set item at index]()
+- [Default Values]()
+
+
+# Control Flow II
+
+- [For]()
+    - [Comparison to while]()
+    - [Relation to Arrays]()
+- [For Each]()
+
+- [Iteration]
+    - [Iterate over an array]()
+    - [Populate array]()
 
 # User Defined Types
 
diff --git a/src/iteration.md b/src/iteration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c234d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iteration.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Iteration
diff --git a/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md b/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02864ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Iterate over a String
diff --git a/src/loops/challenges.md b/src/loops/challenges.md
index 9358534..2c61dec 100644
--- a/src/loops/challenges.md
+++ b/src/loops/challenges.md
@@ -1 +1,15 @@
 # Challenges
+
+Early on, most students tend to have a lot of trouble with loops.
+Its also what is quizzed on in a lot of standardized tests.
+
+Because of that there will be a lot of challenges in this section for you
+to practice. Try to at least do the first ten or so to make sure you have
+the concept down, but use the more the better.
+
+It might take awhile before you feel truly comfortable with this. That is normal.
+
+Remember the rules for this are
+
+* Try to use only the information given up to this point in this book.
+* Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt
\ No newline at end of file

From c74720b199bc332b32f57331a0d3474d432ddf43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 13:30:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/24] Update SUMMARY.md

---
 src/SUMMARY.md | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index dd415c9..09c0aba 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@
     - [Labeled Continue](./loops/labeled_continue.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
 - [Iteration](./iteration.md)
-    - [Counting Up](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
-    - [Counting Down]()
+    - [Counting Up with while](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
+    - [Counting Down with while]()
     - [Iterate over a String]()
 
 # Data Types II
 
-- [Reference Types]
-- [Primitive Types]
+- [Reference Types]()
+- [Primitive Types]()
 - [null]()
 - [Arrays]()
     - [Array Literals]()
@@ -136,9 +136,11 @@
 - [For]()
     - [Comparison to while]()
     - [Relation to Arrays]()
+    - [var]()
+    - [final]()
 - [For Each]()
 
-- [Iteration]
+- [Iteration]()
     - [Iterate over an array]()
     - [Populate array]()
 

From 25a323db77fc6d2e58a92868c4a67d876278f167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 20:23:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/24] loop challenges

---
 src/loops/challenges.md    | 549 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/loops/labeled_break.md |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 549 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/loops/challenges.md b/src/loops/challenges.md
index 2c61dec..254d6ab 100644
--- a/src/loops/challenges.md
+++ b/src/loops/challenges.md
@@ -12,4 +12,551 @@ It might take awhile before you feel truly comfortable with this. That is normal
 Remember the rules for this are
 
 * Try to use only the information given up to this point in this book.
-* Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt
\ No newline at end of file
+* Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt
+
+## Challenge 1
+
+Write code that outputs every number from `1` to `10`.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 2
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 0;
+    while (x < 10) {
+        System.out.println(x);
+        x++;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 0;
+        while (x < 10) {
+            System.out.println(x);
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 3
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 0;
+    while (x <= 10) {
+        System.out.println(x);
+        x++;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 0;
+        while (x <= 10) {
+            System.out.println(x);
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 4
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 0;
+    while (x < 10) {
+        if (x % 3 == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        System.out.println(x);
+        x++;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 0;
+        while (x < 10) {
+            if (x % 3 == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            System.out.println(x);
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+
+## Challenge 5
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 0;
+    while (x < 10) {
+        if (x % 3 == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        System.out.println(x);
+        x++;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 0;
+        while (x < 10) {
+            if (x % 3 == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            System.out.println(x);
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+
+## Challenge 6
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 1;
+    while (x < 10) {
+        int y = 2;
+        while (y < 5) {
+            System.out.println(x * y);
+            y++;
+        }
+            
+        x++;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 1;
+        while (x < 10) {
+            int y = 2;
+            while (y < 5) {
+                System.out.println(x * y);
+                y++;
+            }
+            
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 7
+
+What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int x = 0;
+        String scream = "a";
+        while (!scream.equals("aaaaaaaa")) {
+            scream = scream + "a";
+            System.out.println(x);
+            System.out.println(scream);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 8
+
+Write code that will output each character of `name` on its own line.
+
+So for if `name` is equal to `"Bridget"`, I would expect the following as output.
+
+```
+B
+r
+i
+d
+g
+e
+t
+```
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this value to test your code.
+        String name = "Bridget";
+
+        // <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 9
+
+Write code that will output each character of `name` on its own line, starting with the last
+character and going backwards.
+
+So for if `name` is equal to `"Samantha"`, I would expect the following as output.
+
+```
+a
+h
+t
+n
+a
+m
+a
+S
+```
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this value to test your code.
+    String name = "Samantha";
+
+    // <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this value to test your code.
+        String name = "Samantha";
+
+        // <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 10
+
+Write code that will take a number and if it is divisible by two, divides it by two.
+If it is not, multiplies it by three and adds one.
+
+Keep doing this until the number equals one. Output it each time.
+
+If the initial number is `6` you should have this as output.
+
+```
+6
+3
+10
+5
+16
+8
+4
+2
+1
+```
+
+If the initial number is `15` you should have this as output.
+
+```
+15
+46
+23
+70
+35
+106
+53
+160
+80
+40
+20
+10
+5
+16
+4
+2
+1
+```
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this value to test your code.
+    int n = 15;
+
+    // <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this value to test your code.
+        int n = 15;
+
+        // <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 11
+
+Write code that outputs every third number from `37` to `160`.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 12
+
+Write code that outputs the number of vowels in `name`. Treat `y` as a vowel.
+
+Treat the characters `a`, `A`, `e`, `E`, `i`, `I`, `o`, `O`, `u`, `U`, `y`, and `Y` as vowels.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this value to test your code.
+    String name = "Damian";
+
+    // <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this value to test your code.
+        String name = "Damian";
+
+        // <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+
+
+## Challenge 13
+
+Write code that outputs `{name} is mostly vowels` if the number of vowels in `name` is greater
+than the number of consonants. and `{name} is mostly consonants` if the opposite is true.
+Output `{name} has an equal number of vowels and consonants` if the count of both is the
+same.
+
+Make sure to not treat non-alphabetic characters like `!` and `?` as consonants.
+
+
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Change this value to test your code.
+    String name = "Messi";
+
+    // <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Change this value to test your code.
+        String name = "Messi";
+
+        // <CODE HERE>
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
+
+## Challenge 14
+
+Rewrite the following code to not have the `shouldBreak` variable
+and instead to use a labeled break.
+
+~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    // Don't think too hard about what these numbers mean.
+    int x = 3;
+    int y = 0;
+
+    boolean shouldBreak = false;
+    while (shouldBreak && x < 100) {
+        while (y < 100) {
+            System.out.println("x is " + x);
+            System.out.println("y is " + y);
+            x = x * y;
+            if (x == 0) {
+                shouldBreak = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            y++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    System.out.println("Done");
+}
+```
+
+~ELSE
+
+```java
+public class Main {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Don't think too hard about what these numbers mean.
+        int x = 3;
+        int y = 0;
+
+        boolean shouldBreak = false;
+        while (shouldBreak && x < 100) {
+            while (y < 100) {
+                System.out.println("x is " + x);
+                System.out.println("y is " + y);
+                x = x * y;
+                if (x == 0) {
+                    shouldBreak = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                y++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Done");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+~ENDIF
diff --git a/src/loops/labeled_break.md b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
index b35fa02..5b70ba2 100644
--- a/src/loops/labeled_break.md
+++ b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ A label is an arbitrary name just like a variable's name.
 
 ```java
 <LABEL>:
-while (<CONDITION_1>) {
+while (<CONDITION>) {
     <CODE HERE>
 }
 ```

From 5cd5615eddd24c1f9fcddcc1ea8a6bb136675ad8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 20:24:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/24] Update challenges.md

---
 src/loops/challenges.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/loops/challenges.md b/src/loops/challenges.md
index 254d6ab..e354cea 100644
--- a/src/loops/challenges.md
+++ b/src/loops/challenges.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Its also what is quizzed on in a lot of standardized tests.
 
 Because of that there will be a lot of challenges in this section for you
 to practice. Try to at least do the first ten or so to make sure you have
-the concept down, but use the more the better.
+the concept down, but the more the better.
 
 It might take awhile before you feel truly comfortable with this. That is normal.
 

From 324c9c48ac4b6cf532e15dfc2a948a1f0fc61dfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 20:56:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/24] ..

---
 book.toml                                 |  4 ++--
 src/SUMMARY.md                            |  7 +++---
 src/iteration.md                          |  6 +++++
 src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md   | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md    | 14 ++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md
 create mode 100644 src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md

diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml
index 08c3a61..f8ed947 100644
--- a/book.toml
+++ b/book.toml
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ level = 0         # the depth to start folding
 [preprocessor.features]
 command = "python3 features.py"
 # Not ready
-toplevel_anonymous_class = false
+toplevel_anonymous_class = true
 # Not ready
-simple_io = false
+simple_io = true
 # Turn on when Java 21 released
 java_21 = false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 09c0aba..8e10f84 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -115,9 +115,10 @@
     - [Labeled Continue](./loops/labeled_continue.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
 - [Iteration](./iteration.md)
-    - [Counting Up with while](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
-    - [Counting Down with while]()
-    - [Iterate over a String]()
+    - [Counting Up with while](./iteration/counting_up_with_while.md)
+    - [Counting Down with while](./iteration/counting_down_with_while.md)
+    - [Iterate over a String](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
+
 
 # Data Types II
 
diff --git a/src/iteration.md b/src/iteration.md
index c234d64..2c18854 100644
--- a/src/iteration.md
+++ b/src/iteration.md
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
 # Iteration
+
+Loops potentially run code multiple times. Each time one goes from its top to its bottom
+we call that an "iteration" of the loop.
+
+When the purpose of a loop is to run for every thing in some sequence of things,
+we say that the loop is "iterating over" those things. 
diff --git a/src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md b/src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ae7426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Counting Down with while
+
+If you want to do the opposite, starting from a number like `100` and count down to `1`, 
+the pattern will be similar.
+
+You still have some variable tracking the current
+number, but with a loop whose condition is that the number is greater than the number you want
+to stop at, and a line at the bottom of the loop which decrements the current number.
+
+```java
+int currentNumber = 100;
+while (currentNumber >= 1) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+    currentNumber--;
+}
+```
+
+Similar to when counting up if the condition was not `currentNumber >= 1` and instead was
+`currentNumber > 1`, the loop would stop at `2`
+
+```java
+int currentNumber = 100;
+// Stops at 2
+while (currentNumber > 1) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+    currentNumber--;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md b/src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5495793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Counting Up with while
+
+Say your loop is intended to run some code for every number from `1` to `100`.
+
+The general pattern for code like this is to have some variable which tracks the current
+number, a loop whose condition is that the number is less than the number you want
+to stop at, and a line at the bottom of the loop which increments the current number.
+
+```java
+int currentNumber = 1;
+while (currentNumber <= 100) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+    currentNumber++;
+}
+```
+
+Take note that in this example the condition is `currentNumber <= 100`, so the code in the 
+loop will run when `currentNumber` is equal to `100`. If the condition was `currentNumber < 100`
+it would stop at `99`.
+
+```java
+int currentNumber = 1;
+// Stops at 99
+while (currentNumber < 100) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+    currentNumber++;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md b/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
index 02864ef..4612ebf 100644
--- a/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
+++ b/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
@@ -1 +1,15 @@
 # Iterate over a String
+
+This general pattern of counting up and counting down becomes 
+especially useful when you want to iterate over each character in
+a `String`.
+
+```java
+String name = "Avril";
+
+int index = 0;
+while (index < name.length()) {
+    System.out.println(name.charAt(index));
+    index++;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file

From ae5bfc9e958333c8c99b8bc5b493d26daa079e0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 10:46:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/24] Move iteration into loops

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                        |  8 ++++----
 .../counting_down.md}                                 |  2 +-
 .../counting_up.md}                                   |  2 +-
 src/{iteration => loops}/iterate_over_a_string.md     |  0
 src/{ => loops}/iteration.md                          | 11 +++++++++++
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 rename src/{iteration/counting_down_with_while.md => loops/counting_down.md} (96%)
 rename src/{iteration/counting_up_with_while.md => loops/counting_up.md} (97%)
 rename src/{iteration => loops}/iterate_over_a_string.md (100%)
 rename src/{ => loops}/iteration.md (57%)

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 8e10f84..e1ab03d 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@
     - [Nested Loops](./loops/nested_loops.md)
     - [Labeled Break](./loops/labeled_break.md)
     - [Labeled Continue](./loops/labeled_continue.md)
+    - [Iteration](./loops/iteration.md)
+    - [Counting Up](./loops/counting_up.md)
+    - [Counting Down](./loops/counting_down.md)
+    - [Iterate over a String](./loops/iterate_over_a_string.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
-- [Iteration](./iteration.md)
-    - [Counting Up with while](./iteration/counting_up_with_while.md)
-    - [Counting Down with while](./iteration/counting_down_with_while.md)
-    - [Iterate over a String](./iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md)
 
 
 # Data Types II
diff --git a/src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md b/src/loops/counting_down.md
similarity index 96%
rename from src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md
rename to src/loops/counting_down.md
index 1ae7426..d8f0ed1 100644
--- a/src/iteration/counting_down_with_while.md
+++ b/src/loops/counting_down.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Counting Down with while
+# Counting Down
 
 If you want to do the opposite, starting from a number like `100` and count down to `1`, 
 the pattern will be similar.
diff --git a/src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md b/src/loops/counting_up.md
similarity index 97%
rename from src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md
rename to src/loops/counting_up.md
index 5495793..be84f56 100644
--- a/src/iteration/counting_up_with_while.md
+++ b/src/loops/counting_up.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Counting Up with while
+# Counting Up
 
 Say your loop is intended to run some code for every number from `1` to `100`.
 
diff --git a/src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md b/src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md
similarity index 100%
rename from src/iteration/iterate_over_a_string.md
rename to src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md
diff --git a/src/iteration.md b/src/loops/iteration.md
similarity index 57%
rename from src/iteration.md
rename to src/loops/iteration.md
index 2c18854..46329b9 100644
--- a/src/iteration.md
+++ b/src/loops/iteration.md
@@ -3,5 +3,16 @@
 Loops potentially run code multiple times. Each time one goes from its top to its bottom
 we call that an "iteration" of the loop.
 
+```java
+int x = 0;
+while (x < 5) {
+    // On the 1st iteration x will be 0
+    // On the 2nd iteration x will be 1
+    // ...
+    // On the final iteration x will be 4
+    System.out.println(x);
+    x++
+}
+```
 When the purpose of a loop is to run for every thing in some sequence of things,
 we say that the loop is "iterating over" those things. 

From 7f35efd04f588669626d53df5722554a39fa02b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 13:57:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/24] More arrays

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                | 41 ++++++++++-------
 src/arrays.md                                 | 23 ++++++++++
 src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md      | 44 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/arrays/aliasing.md                        |  1 +
 src/arrays/array_initializers.md              | 28 ++++++++++++
 src/arrays/empty_array.md                     |  1 +
 src/arrays/length.md                          | 15 +++++++
 .../printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md      |  4 ++
 src/arrays/reassignment.md                    | 19 ++++++++
 src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md         | 43 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/null.md                                   |  4 ++
 src/prelude.md                                |  6 ++-
 src/prelude/lies.md                           | 17 +++++++
 src/prelude/toy_problems.md                   |  4 +-
 14 files changed, 229 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/arrays.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/aliasing.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/array_initializers.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/empty_array.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/length.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/reassignment.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
 create mode 100644 src/null.md
 create mode 100644 src/prelude/lies.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index e1ab03d..ab78cae 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 - [Prelude](./prelude.md)
     - [Asking for Help](./prelude/asking_for_help.md)
     - [Toy Problems](./prelude/toy_problems.md)
+    - [Lies](./prelude/lies.md)
 - [Getting Started](./getting_started.md)
 - [First Steps](./first_steps.md)
     - [Comments](./first_steps/comments.md)
@@ -122,14 +123,21 @@
 
 # Data Types II
 
-- [Reference Types]()
-- [Primitive Types]()
-- [null]()
-- [Arrays]()
-    - [Array Literals]()
-    - [Get item at index]()
-    - [Set item at index]()
-- [Default Values]()
+- [Arrays](./arrays.md)
+    - [Array Initializers](./arrays/array_initializers.md)
+    - [Length](./arrays/length.md)
+    - [Access Individual Elements](./arrays/access_individual_elements.md)
+    - [Set Individual Elements](./arrays/set_individual_elements.md)
+    - [Aliasing](./arrays/aliasing.md)
+    - [Reassignment](./arrays/reassignment.md)
+    - [Printing the Contents of an Array](./arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md)
+    - [Empty Array](./arrays/empty_array.md)
+    - [Difference between Initializer and Literal]()
+    - [char\[\] vs String]()
+
+
+
+
 
 
 # Control Flow II
@@ -143,7 +151,12 @@
 
 - [Iteration]()
     - [Iterate over an array]()
-    - [Populate array]()
+
+
+- [null](./null.md)
+- [Reference Types]()
+- [Primitive Types]()
+- [Populate array]()
 
 # User Defined Types
 
@@ -277,15 +290,9 @@ Javadoc and Documentation comments
 - Getting Started
 - [Hello, World]()
 - Data Types
-    - int and long
-        - Integer Division
-    - float and double
-        - Floating Point Numbers
-    - booleans
+
     - Arrays
-    - String
-        - String Literals
-        - Multiline String Literals
+multi dimensional arrays
 - Expressions
 - Conditionals
 - Loops
diff --git a/src/arrays.md b/src/arrays.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9065818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Arrays
+
+Arrays are used to represent a fixed-size collection of things.
+
+```java
+int[] oddNumbers = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
+```
+
+Fixed-size means that once an array is made, it will always hold the same
+number of things.
+
+We call the things stored in an array its "elements."
+
+
+You can make an array of any type of element by using the name of the type followed by
+`[` and `]`.
+
+```java
+char[] letters = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
+String[] words = { "its", "as", "easy", "as" }
+int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 };
+double[] doubles = { 97.0, 98.0, 99.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83b90dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Access Individual Elements
+
+Given an array, you can access any of its elements by index. 
+
+You write the name of a variable containing an array, `[`, a number, and then a `]`.
+
+The first element can be accessed by using `0`, the second by using `1`, and so on.
+
+```java
+String[] lyrics = { "you", "say", "goodbye" };
+
+String you = lyrics[0];
+System.out.println(you);
+
+int say = lyrics[1];
+System.out.println(say);
+
+int goodbye = lyrics[2];
+System.out.println(goodbye);
+```
+
+The index of the element can also come from a variable.
+
+```java
+int index = 2;
+String[] lyrics = { "I", "say", "hello" };
+
+System.out.println(lyrics[index]);
+```
+
+If you give a number equal to or greater than the length of the array or a number less than zero,
+you will get an error.
+
+```java
+String[] lyrics = { "I", "say", "hi" };
+// Crash!
+lyrics[999];
+```
+
+```java
+String[] lyrics = { "you", "say", "low" };
+// Crash!
+lyrics[-1];
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/aliasing.md b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81497a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Aliasing
diff --git a/src/arrays/array_initializers.md b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4420813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Array Initializers
+
+To give an initial value to an array you can use an array initializer.
+
+After the equals sign you write `{` followed by a comma separated list of elements and a final  `}`.
+
+```java
+int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 }
+             // |---------|
+             // this part is
+             // the initializer
+```
+
+
+The elements in an initializer do not have to be literals and can also be variables or expressions
+which evaluate to a value.
+
+```java
+int two = 2;
+// Will hold 1, 2, 3 just like the array above 
+int[] numbers = { 1, two, two + 1 }
+```
+
+We call them array initializers because you use them to give an initial value to an array.[^pattern]
+
+
+[^pattern]: You may be noticing a pattern. Confusing sounding names are often kinda "obvious"
+with enough context.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/empty_array.md b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..843a97d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Empty Array
diff --git a/src/arrays/length.md b/src/arrays/length.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e11c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/length.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Length
+
+The number of elements which comprise an array can be accessed by using `.length`.[^unlike_string]
+
+```java
+String[] veggies = { "brussels", "cabbage", "carrots" };
+int numberOfElements = veggies.length;
+
+// veggies is 3 elements long
+System.out.println(
+    "veggies is " numberOfElements + " characters long"
+);
+```
+
+[^unlike_string]: Unlike with a `String`, you do not write `()` after `.length`.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c0977e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Printing the Contents of an Array
+
+If you try to use `System.out.println` to output a `String[]`
+you will see every element of the 
diff --git a/src/arrays/reassignment.md b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e626a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Reassignment
+
+The length of an array cannot change, but a variable holding an
+array can be reassigned to a new array that has a different length.
+
+```java
+String[] words = { 1, 2 };
+numbers = { numbers[0], numbers[1], 3 };
+```
+
+For the purposes of setting elements, this will be a brand new array.
+
+```java
+int[] numbers = { 1, 2 };
+int[] numbersTwo = numbers;
+numbers = { numbers[0], numbers[1], 3 };
+
+number
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78bb1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Set Individual Elements
+
+Given an array, you can also set any of its elements to have a new value.
+
+To do this, on the left hand side of an equals sign you write the name of a variable
+followed by `[`, an index, and `]`. Then on the right hand side of the equals you write
+the new value.[^strings]
+
+```java
+String[] sentence = { "you", "are", "found", "guilty" };
+System.out.println(sentence);
+
+sentence[1] = "aren't";
+System.out.println(sentence);
+```
+
+The index of the element can also come from a variable.
+
+```java
+int index = 2;
+String[] response = { "and", "it", "isn't", "opposite", "day" };
+System.out.println(response);
+
+response[2] = "is";
+System.out.println(response);
+```
+
+If you give a number equal to or greater than the length of the array or a number less than zero, you will get an error.
+
+```java
+String[] response = { "objection" };
+// Crash
+response[1] = "!";
+```
+
+```java
+String[] response = { "sustained" };
+// Crash
+response[-1] = "not";
+```
+
+[^strings]: You cannot change the contents of a `String` like you would an array. This is one of the biggest
+differences between a `String` and a `char[]`.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/null.md b/src/null.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa03353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/null.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# null
+
+There is a special value called `null` which is assignable to
+any `String`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/prelude.md b/src/prelude.md
index 98c927f..43af524 100644
--- a/src/prelude.md
+++ b/src/prelude.md
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ and, except for [The Cay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cay) and [Great Expe
 got away without having to.
 
 So while it is hypocritical for me to ask this of you,
-this book is written to be read linearly like a book. You can skip the rest
-of this prelude if you aren't interested and just dive in once you've got your [machine set up to code](./getting_started/hello_world.md), but keep that in mind.
+please read this book like a book and go from the start to the end, one section at a time.
+
+At the end of each section
+there will also be challenges. I want you to at least attempt all of them before moving on to the next section.
 
 This book is written specifically for those folks that feel like giving up, like they are too stupid to get it,
 or like they didn't understand a damn thing their professor has said for the last three months.
diff --git a/src/prelude/lies.md b/src/prelude/lies.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57ab139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/prelude/lies.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Lies
+
+At various points in this book I am also going to lie to you. Specifically I will 
+make lies of omission.
+
+If there are five ways to do something, I might pretend that there is only one
+way to do it until I give you enough context so that I can talk about the other
+four.
+
+This can be particuarly annoying if you are in a course that is teaching things
+in a different order or if you feel rushed to just get some project done.
+
+I get that. I just ask that you trust me and go in the sequence I am laying out.
+I am honestly trying to make it so that you end with a stronger understanding than
+you would have otherwise.
+
+If I fail, there is the question mark in the top right of every page.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/prelude/toy_problems.md b/src/prelude/toy_problems.md
index c9228a0..b3384d2 100644
--- a/src/prelude/toy_problems.md
+++ b/src/prelude/toy_problems.md
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ As you go through this book there will be a lot of what can be considered "toy p
 That is, you will be shown or asked to write programs that have no obvious real world use.
 They will be similar in spirit to math problems like "if you have 8 apples and I take 3, how many apples do you have left?"
 
-The intent is not for these to be annoying, although I am sure they will be. I just don't know any other way to build an understanding
-of mechanics.
+The intent is not for these to be annoying, although I am sure they will be. I just don't know any other way to help you
+build an understanding of mechanics.

From f22641e7f359f3048b42edda814bccfc6068cd4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 13:58:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/24] Update access_individual_elements.md

---
 src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
index 83b90dc..ccb12d9 100644
--- a/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
+++ b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ String[] lyrics = { "you", "say", "goodbye" };
 String you = lyrics[0];
 System.out.println(you);
 
-int say = lyrics[1];
+String say = lyrics[1];
 System.out.println(say);
 
-int goodbye = lyrics[2];
+String goodbye = lyrics[2];
 System.out.println(goodbye);
 ```
 

From 594ef9a7ed50715fff74487a8727c23686a5f37a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 17:59:22 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                |  1 +
 src/arrays.md                                 |  2 +-
 src/arrays/array_initializers.md              |  3 +-
 .../printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md      | 47 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md         |  4 +-
 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index ab78cae..7aa254b 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@
 
 <!--
 Arrays
+copy an array (System.arrayCopy, for loop)
 Generics
 Maven
 XML
diff --git a/src/arrays.md b/src/arrays.md
index 9065818..e715c3f 100644
--- a/src/arrays.md
+++ b/src/arrays.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ We call the things stored in an array its "elements."
 
 
 You can make an array of any type of element by using the name of the type followed by
-`[` and `]`.
+`[]`.
 
 ```java
 char[] letters = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
diff --git a/src/arrays/array_initializers.md b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
index 4420813..85c8d7b 100644
--- a/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
+++ b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 }
 ```
 
 
-The elements in an initializer do not have to be literals and can also be variables or expressions
-which evaluate to a value.
+The elements in an initializer do not have to be literals and can also be variables or expressions.
 
 ```java
 int two = 2;
diff --git a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
index 5c0977e..edd20dc 100644
--- a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
+++ b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
@@ -1,4 +1,49 @@
 # Printing the Contents of an Array
 
 If you try to use `System.out.println` to output a `String[]`
-you will see every element of the 
+you won't see the contents of the array. Instead you will see
+something like `[Ljava.lang.String;@1c655221`.
+
+```java
+String[] shout = { "fus", "ro", "dah" };
+// [Ljava.lang.String;@5a07e868
+System.out.println(shout);
+```
+
+A similar thing will happen with `int[]`, `boolean[]`, and `double[]`.
+
+```java
+int[] nums = { 11, 11, 11 };
+// [I@5a07e868
+System.out.println(nums);
+
+boolean[] bools = { true, false };
+// [Z@5a07e868
+System.out.println(bools);
+
+double[] doubles = { 1.1, 1.1, 1.1 };
+// [D@5a07e868
+System.out.println(bools);
+```
+
+The only kind of array which will include its contents when printed is a `char[]`.
+It will be printed as if it were a `String`.
+
+```java
+char[] continent = { 'T', 'a', 'm', 'r', 'i', 'e', 'l' };
+// Tamriel
+System.out.println(continent);
+```
+
+If you want to actually see the contents of an array, you should
+use a loop.
+
+```java
+String[] shout = { "fus", "ro", "dah" };
+
+int index = 0;
+while (index < shout.length) {
+    System.out.println(shout[index])
+    index++
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
index 78bb1c5..eca46db 100644
--- a/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
+++ b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Set Individual Elements
 
-Given an array, you can also set any of its elements to have a new value.
+You can also set any of the elements of an array to have a new value.
 
 To do this, on the left hand side of an equals sign you write the name of a variable
 followed by `[`, an index, and `]`. Then on the right hand side of the equals you write
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ sentence[1] = "aren't";
 System.out.println(sentence);
 ```
 
-The index of the element can also come from a variable.
+The index of the element to set can also come from a variable.
 
 ```java
 int index = 2;

From 7c3b17f4957ca03c65d3d65c48a350e5cfad69da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 20:08:41 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/24] Close out arrays I sans challenges

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                | 13 +++---
 src/arrays/aliasing.md                        | 33 +++++++++++++++
 src/arrays/challenges                         |  1 +
 ...ference_between_initializer_and_literal.md | 36 +++++++++++++++++
 src/arrays/empty_array.md                     | 21 ++++++++++
 .../printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md      | 18 ++++++---
 src/arrays/reassignment.md                    | 40 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md     | 27 +++++++++++++
 src/for.md                                    |  6 +++
 src/for/i.md                                  | 27 +++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 202 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/challenges
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md
 create mode 100644 src/for.md
 create mode 100644 src/for/i.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 7aa254b..360fa04 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -130,20 +130,17 @@
     - [Set Individual Elements](./arrays/set_individual_elements.md)
     - [Aliasing](./arrays/aliasing.md)
     - [Reassignment](./arrays/reassignment.md)
+    - [Relation to Final Variables](./arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md)
     - [Printing the Contents of an Array](./arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md)
     - [Empty Array](./arrays/empty_array.md)
-    - [Difference between Initializer and Literal]()
-    - [char\[\] vs String]()
-
-
-
-
-
+    - [Difference between Initializer and Literal](./arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md)
+    - [Challenges](./arrays/challenges)
 
 # Control Flow II
 
-- [For]()
+- [For](./for.md)
     - [Comparison to while]()
+    - [i](./for/i.md)
     - [Relation to Arrays]()
     - [var]()
     - [final]()
diff --git a/src/arrays/aliasing.md b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
index 81497a6..d25563a 100644
--- a/src/arrays/aliasing.md
+++ b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
@@ -1 +1,34 @@
 # Aliasing
+
+When you assign a variable containing an array to another variable, the array
+referenced by both variables will be the exact same.
+
+This means that if the contents of the array are updated, that change will
+be reflected by both variables.
+
+```java
+char[] lettersOne = { 'B', 'a', 't', 'm', 'a', 'n' };
+char[] lettersTwo = lettersOne;
+
+// Batman
+System.out.println(lettersOne);
+// Batman
+System.out.println(lettersTwo);
+
+lettersOne[0] = 'C';
+
+// Catman
+System.out.println(lettersOne);
+// Catman
+System.out.println(lettersTwo);
+
+lettersTwo[0] = 'R';
+
+// Ratman
+System.out.println(lettersOne);
+// Ratman
+System.out.println(lettersTwo);
+```
+
+When two variables point to the same thing like this we say that both variables are "aliases"
+for eachother.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/challenges b/src/arrays/challenges
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9358534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/challenges
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Challenges
diff --git a/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md b/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e28b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Difference between Initializer and Literal
+
+The reason `{ 1, 2, 3 }` is called an "array initializer" and not
+an "array literal" is somewhat subtle.
+
+When you have a literal, like a `String` literal, you can assign that to a variable and
+then use that `String` afterwards.
+
+```java
+String name = "Alana";
+// l
+System.out.println(name.charAt(1));
+```
+
+But you can also perform those operations using the literal itself, without an intermediate variable.
+
+```java
+// l
+System.out.println("Alana".charAt(1));
+```
+
+Array initializers work in the case where you first assign them to a variable before using
+the array.
+
+```java
+char[] name = { 'A', 'm', 'a', 'n', 'd', 'a' };
+// m
+System.out.println(name[1]);
+```
+
+But they do not work to perform operations on directly.
+
+```java
+// Will not run
+System.out.println({ 'A', 'm', 'a', 'n', 'd', 'a' }[1]);
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/empty_array.md b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
index 843a97d..12f8da9 100644
--- a/src/arrays/empty_array.md
+++ b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
@@ -1 +1,22 @@
 # Empty Array
+
+If you use an array initializer that has no elements between the `{` and `}`
+you can create an empty array.
+
+```java
+char[] emptyCharArray = {};
+```
+
+An empty array is very similar to an empty `String`. It has a length of 0, it has no elements,
+and it is generally useful only as a placeholder value for when you have no data yet but will
+be able to reassign the variable holding it when you get some.
+
+```java
+char[] emptyCharArray = {};
+
+// 0
+System.out.println(emptyCharArray.length);
+
+// Crash
+System.out.println(emptyCharArray[0]);
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
index edd20dc..31d1100 100644
--- a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
+++ b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ String[] shout = { "fus", "ro", "dah" };
 System.out.println(shout);
 ```
 
-A similar thing will happen with `int[]`, `boolean[]`, and `double[]`.
+A similar thing will happen with `int[]`, `boolean[]`, and `double[]`.[^gibberish]
 
 ```java
 int[] nums = { 11, 11, 11 };
@@ -36,14 +36,20 @@ System.out.println(continent);
 ```
 
 If you want to actually see the contents of an array, you should
-use a loop.
+use a loop.[^future]
 
 ```java
-String[] shout = { "fus", "ro", "dah" };
+String[] factions = { "empire", "stormcloaks", "dragons" };
 
 int index = 0;
-while (index < shout.length) {
-    System.out.println(shout[index])
+while (index < factions.length) {
+    System.out.println(factions[index])
     index++
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
+
+[^gibberish]: What `[I@5a07e868` and co. mean isn't really important. Try not to
+get too distracted by it.
+
+[^future]: Later on, there will be easier ways to do this sort of inspection. This is just the
+one I can demonstrate now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/reassignment.md b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
index 01e626a..9d90b70 100644
--- a/src/arrays/reassignment.md
+++ b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
@@ -4,16 +4,44 @@ The length of an array cannot change, but a variable holding an
 array can be reassigned to a new array that has a different length.
 
 ```java
-String[] words = { 1, 2 };
+int[] numbers = { 1, 2 };
+// 2
+System.out.println(numbers.length);
+
 numbers = { numbers[0], numbers[1], 3 };
+// 3
+System.out.println(numbers.length);
 ```
 
-For the purposes of setting elements, this will be a brand new array.
+This reassignment will not be affect any variables which
+are aliases for the variable's old value.
 
 ```java
-int[] numbers = { 1, 2 };
-int[] numbersTwo = numbers;
-numbers = { numbers[0], numbers[1], 3 };
+char[] wordOne = { 'g', 'o' };
+char[] wordTwo = wordOne;
+// go
+System.out.println(wordOne);
+// go
+System.out.println(wordTwo);
+
+wordOne = { wordOne[0], wordOne[1], 's', 'h' };
+
+// gosh
+System.out.println(wordOne);
+// go
+System.out.println(wordTwo);
+
+wordTwo[0] = 'n';
+
+// gosh
+System.out.println(wordOne);
+// no
+System.out.println(wordTwo);
+
+wordOne[0] = 'p';
 
-number
+// posh
+System.out.println(wordOne);
+// no
+System.out.println(wordTwo);
 ```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md b/src/arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb019c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/relation_to_final_variables.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Relation to Final Variables
+
+Just like anything else, arrays can be stored in variables marked `final`.
+
+This means that the variable cannot be reassigned, but it does not mean
+that the array's contents cannot be changed directly or through an alias.
+
+```java
+final char[] catchphrase = { 'w', 'o', 'a', 'h', '!' };
+// woah!
+System.out.println(catchphrase);
+
+// Cannot reassign
+// catchphrase = { 'e', 'g', 'a', 'd', 's' }
+// but can set elements directly
+catchphrase[0] = 'e';
+catchphrase[1] = 'g';
+
+// or through an alias
+char[] alias = catchphrase;
+alias[2] = 'a';
+alias[3] = 'd';
+alias[4] = 's';
+
+// egads
+System.out.println(catchphrase);
+```
diff --git a/src/for.md b/src/for.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..469cf4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/for.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# For
+
+```java
+for (int index = 0; index < array.length; index++) {
+    char element = array[index];
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/for/i.md b/src/for/i.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb8f44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/for/i.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# i
+
+One thing you will very often see if you read other peoples'
+code is that the variable being tracked in a for loop is often called
+`i`.
+
+```java
+String word = "bird";
+for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+    char letter = word.charAt(i);
+    System.out.println(letter);
+}
+
+// b
+// i
+// r
+// d
+```
+
+While usually naming variables with single letters isn't a great idea,
+most developers carve out an exception for cases like this.
+
+If a for loop that starts its variable at `0`, keeps going until while
+it is `<` the length of some collection, and goes up by one each iteration
+it should be "obvious" what `i` means.
+
+Just do not start naming all your variables single letters. 
\ No newline at end of file

From e05f3675fd2617ae0b95bdfb7755fb1d19b62158 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Thu, 30 Mar 2023 17:59:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/24] Rename features.py to features.java to placate folks

Update book.toml

Update book.toml
---
 book.toml                    | 6 +++---
 features.py => features.java | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 rename features.py => features.java (85%)

diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml
index f8ed947..5a16912 100644
--- a/book.toml
+++ b/book.toml
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ enable = true    # whether or not to enable section folding
 level = 0         # the depth to start folding
 
 [preprocessor.features]
-command = "python3 features.py"
+command = "python3 features.java"
 # Not ready
-toplevel_anonymous_class = true
+toplevel_anonymous_class = false
 # Not ready
-simple_io = true
+simple_io = false
 # Turn on when Java 21 released
 java_21 = false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/features.py b/features.java
similarity index 85%
rename from features.py
rename to features.java
index 6356dc7..f3fb5e4 100755
--- a/features.py
+++ b/features.java
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+# This file is python, not Java.
+# but we got enough people complaining that the repo in github showed 100% python
+# that I just changed the extension to .java - I think its funny. We can replace
+# this file if either a json library is added to java or someone wants to do all
+# the setup to pull in a json lib.
+
 import json
 import sys
 

From 6f5a4eb309b265cb82a4bdea53b0937a7351a2ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Thu, 30 Mar 2023 18:04:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/24] Format

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                                     |  6 +++---
 src/arrays.md                                      |  3 +--
 src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md           |  4 ++--
 src/arrays/aliasing.md                             |  2 +-
 src/arrays/array_initializers.md                   |  4 +---
 .../difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md  |  2 +-
 src/arrays/empty_array.md                          |  2 +-
 src/arrays/length.md                               |  2 +-
 src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md    |  2 +-
 src/arrays/reassignment.md                         |  2 +-
 src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md              |  2 +-
 src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md         |  1 -
 src/branching_logic/challenges.md                  |  2 +-
 src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md        |  7 +------
 src/branching_logic/else_if.md                     |  3 ---
 src/branching_logic/if.md                          |  9 +++------
 src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md                  |  4 ++--
 .../relation_to_delayed_assignment.md              |  2 --
 src/branching_paths.md                             |  3 +--
 src/for.md                                         |  2 +-
 src/for/i.md                                       |  2 +-
 src/loops.md                                       |  4 ++--
 src/loops/break.md                                 |  2 +-
 src/loops/challenges.md                            | 14 ++++----------
 src/loops/continue.md                              |  1 -
 src/loops/counting_down.md                         |  4 ++--
 src/loops/counting_up.md                           |  4 ++--
 src/loops/do_while.md                              |  2 +-
 src/loops/endless_loops.md                         |  2 +-
 src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md                 |  4 ++--
 src/loops/iteration.md                             |  3 ++-
 src/loops/labeled_break.md                         |  2 +-
 src/loops/labeled_continue.md                      |  2 +-
 src/loops/unreachable_code.md                      |  2 +-
 src/loops/while.md                                 |  2 +-
 src/null.md                                        |  2 +-
 src/prelude/asking_for_help.md                     |  3 +--
 src/prelude/lies.md                                |  4 ++--
 38 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 360fa04..fa5ac49 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 # Modern Java
 
-
 - [Prelude](./prelude.md)
     - [Asking for Help](./prelude/asking_for_help.md)
     - [Toy Problems](./prelude/toy_problems.md)
@@ -120,7 +119,6 @@
     - [Iterate over a String](./loops/iterate_over_a_string.md)
     - [Challenges](./loops/challenges.md)
 
-
 # Data Types II
 
 - [Arrays](./arrays.md)
@@ -138,6 +136,7 @@
 
 # Control Flow II
 
+<!--
 - [For](./for.md)
     - [Comparison to while]()
     - [i](./for/i.md)
@@ -149,12 +148,13 @@
 - [Iteration]()
     - [Iterate over an array]()
 
-
 - [null](./null.md)
 - [Reference Types]()
 - [Primitive Types]()
 - [Populate array]()
 
+-->
+
 # User Defined Types
 
 - [Classes](./classes.md)
diff --git a/src/arrays.md b/src/arrays.md
index e715c3f..f66c16b 100644
--- a/src/arrays.md
+++ b/src/arrays.md
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ number of things.
 
 We call the things stored in an array its "elements."
 
-
 You can make an array of any type of element by using the name of the type followed by
 `[]`.
 
@@ -20,4 +19,4 @@ char[] letters = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
 String[] words = { "its", "as", "easy", "as" }
 int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 };
 double[] doubles = { 97.0, 98.0, 99.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 };
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
index ccb12d9..1ff35dd 100644
--- a/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
+++ b/src/arrays/access_individual_elements.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Access Individual Elements
 
-Given an array, you can access any of its elements by index. 
+Given an array, you can access any of its elements by index.
 
 You write the name of a variable containing an array, `[`, a number, and then a `]`.
 
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ lyrics[999];
 String[] lyrics = { "you", "say", "low" };
 // Crash!
 lyrics[-1];
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/arrays/aliasing.md b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
index d25563a..4330f54 100644
--- a/src/arrays/aliasing.md
+++ b/src/arrays/aliasing.md
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ System.out.println(lettersTwo);
 ```
 
 When two variables point to the same thing like this we say that both variables are "aliases"
-for eachother.
\ No newline at end of file
+for eachother.
diff --git a/src/arrays/array_initializers.md b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
index 85c8d7b..e5e0ac5 100644
--- a/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
+++ b/src/arrays/array_initializers.md
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 }
              // the initializer
 ```
 
-
 The elements in an initializer do not have to be literals and can also be variables or expressions.
 
 ```java
@@ -22,6 +21,5 @@ int[] numbers = { 1, two, two + 1 }
 
 We call them array initializers because you use them to give an initial value to an array.[^pattern]
 
-
 [^pattern]: You may be noticing a pattern. Confusing sounding names are often kinda "obvious"
-with enough context.
\ No newline at end of file
+with enough context.
diff --git a/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md b/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
index 2e28b0d..b3c71b0 100644
--- a/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
+++ b/src/arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ But they do not work to perform operations on directly.
 ```java
 // Will not run
 System.out.println({ 'A', 'm', 'a', 'n', 'd', 'a' }[1]);
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/arrays/empty_array.md b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
index 12f8da9..ddf683a 100644
--- a/src/arrays/empty_array.md
+++ b/src/arrays/empty_array.md
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ System.out.println(emptyCharArray.length);
 
 // Crash
 System.out.println(emptyCharArray[0]);
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/arrays/length.md b/src/arrays/length.md
index 3e11c50..34a845c 100644
--- a/src/arrays/length.md
+++ b/src/arrays/length.md
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ System.out.println(
 );
 ```
 
-[^unlike_string]: Unlike with a `String`, you do not write `()` after `.length`.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^unlike_string]: Unlike with a `String`, you do not write `()` after `.length`.
diff --git a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
index 31d1100..fafbbe2 100644
--- a/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
+++ b/src/arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ while (index < factions.length) {
 get too distracted by it.
 
 [^future]: Later on, there will be easier ways to do this sort of inspection. This is just the
-one I can demonstrate now.
\ No newline at end of file
+one I can demonstrate now.
diff --git a/src/arrays/reassignment.md b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
index 9d90b70..e0f0ecb 100644
--- a/src/arrays/reassignment.md
+++ b/src/arrays/reassignment.md
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ wordOne[0] = 'p';
 System.out.println(wordOne);
 // no
 System.out.println(wordTwo);
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
index eca46db..6252687 100644
--- a/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
+++ b/src/arrays/set_individual_elements.md
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ response[-1] = "not";
 ```
 
 [^strings]: You cannot change the contents of a `String` like you would an array. This is one of the biggest
-differences between a `String` and a `char[]`.
\ No newline at end of file
+differences between a `String` and a `char[]`.
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
index b1a6344..e3c7f17 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/boolean_expressions.md
@@ -29,4 +29,3 @@ boolean canRent = age > 25;
 
 System.out.println(canRent);
 ```
-
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/challenges.md b/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
index 2995476..1e28a4a 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/challenges.md
@@ -116,4 +116,4 @@ public class Main {
 }
 ```
 
-~ENDIF
\ No newline at end of file
+~ENDIF
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md b/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
index d027414..7b0d66b 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/conditional_operator.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ When the only operation being performed inside of an `if` and `else` pair
 is setting the initial value of a variable, you can use the "conditional operator"[^ternary]
 to perform that assignment instead.
 
-
 ```java
 int age = 22;
 
@@ -20,9 +19,5 @@ and then a value to use when that condition evaluates to `false`.
 CONDITION ? WHEN_TRUE : WHEN_FALSE
 ```
 
-
-
-
-
 [^ternary]: Some people will call this a ternary expression. Ternary meaning "three things."
-Same idea as tres leches.
\ No newline at end of file
+Same idea as tres leches.
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/else_if.md b/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
index 1bc247b..ab4dfb5 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/else_if.md
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 If you have an `if` nested in an `else` branch, you can simplify that by using
 `else if`.
 
-
 ```java
 boolean cool = true; // 🕶️
 int age = 30; // 🙎‍♀️
@@ -60,5 +59,3 @@ else {
     System.out.println("You are rad enough to rent a car.");
 }
 ```
-
-
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/if.md b/src/branching_logic/if.md
index f1e912f..cbf3da7 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/if.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/if.md
@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ if (age < 25) {
 }
 ```
 
-You write the word `if` followed by an expression which evaluates to a `boolean` inside of `(` and `)`. 
+You write the word `if` followed by an expression which evaluates to a `boolean` inside of `(` and `)`.
 This expression is the "condition". Then you write some code inside
-of `{` and `}`. 
-
+of `{` and `}`.
 
 ```java
 if (CONDITION) {
@@ -23,11 +22,9 @@ if (CONDITION) {
 When the condition evaluates to `true`, the code inside of the `{` and `}` will run.
 If it evaluates to `false` that code will not run.
 
-
 In this example the condition is `age < 25`. When `age` is less than 25 it will evaluate to `true`
 and you will be told that you cannot rent a car.
 
-
 ```java
 int age = 80; // 👵
 if (age < 25) {
@@ -36,4 +33,4 @@ if (age < 25) {
 ```
 
 If this condition evaluates to `false`, then the code inside of `{` and `}`
-will not run.
\ No newline at end of file
+will not run.
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md b/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
index f678696..e838dd7 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/nested_ifs.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ if (age < 25) {
 }
 ```
 
-When an `if` is inside another `if` we say that it is "nested". 
+When an `if` is inside another `if` we say that it is "nested".
 
 If you find yourself nesting more than a few `if`s that might be a sign that
 you should reach out for help.
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ if (...) {
         }
     }
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md b/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
index adb716e..be22c4d 100644
--- a/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
+++ b/src/branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.md
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ Delayed assignment of variables becomes useful with `if` and `else`.
 So long as Java can figure out that a variable will always be given an initial value
 inside of an `if` and `else`, you will be allowed to use that variable.
 
-
 ```java
 int age = 22;
 
@@ -35,4 +34,3 @@ if (age > 25) {
 // so you cannot use it.
 System.out.println(message);
 ```
-
diff --git a/src/branching_paths.md b/src/branching_paths.md
index 786c15d..d7603be 100644
--- a/src/branching_paths.md
+++ b/src/branching_paths.md
@@ -13,5 +13,4 @@ for more information.
 
 There are multiple "branching paths" that the program might take.
 
-
-[^insurance]: For insurance reasons.
\ No newline at end of file
+[^insurance]: For insurance reasons.
diff --git a/src/for.md b/src/for.md
index 469cf4f..ed4b4da 100644
--- a/src/for.md
+++ b/src/for.md
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 ```java
 for (int index = 0; index < array.length; index++) {
     char element = array[index];
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/for/i.md b/src/for/i.md
index eb8f44c..60e03e5 100644
--- a/src/for/i.md
+++ b/src/for/i.md
@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ If a for loop that starts its variable at `0`, keeps going until while
 it is `<` the length of some collection, and goes up by one each iteration
 it should be "obvious" what `i` means.
 
-Just do not start naming all your variables single letters. 
\ No newline at end of file
+Just do not start naming all your variables single letters.
diff --git a/src/loops.md b/src/loops.md
index 7c5f106..69e42d6 100644
--- a/src/loops.md
+++ b/src/loops.md
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 `if` and `else` let you write programs which can take branching paths,
 but they will still run from the beginning to the end.
 
-Not all programs can just _end_ though. 
+Not all programs can just _end_ though.
 Video games should draw their world at one second and do it again the next.
 If you enter the wrong password on your phone, it should ask you for your password again.
 
 This is what "loops" are for. You run code starting from some point and then
-loop back to that same point and run that code again.
\ No newline at end of file
+loop back to that same point and run that code again.
diff --git a/src/loops/break.md b/src/loops/break.md
index 23e170c..830f828 100644
--- a/src/loops/break.md
+++ b/src/loops/break.md
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ while (true) {
     // Will immediately leave the loop
     break;
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/challenges.md b/src/loops/challenges.md
index e354cea..023bd2f 100644
--- a/src/loops/challenges.md
+++ b/src/loops/challenges.md
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ public class Main {
 
 ~ENDIF
 
-
 ## Challenge 5
 
 What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
@@ -180,7 +179,6 @@ public class Main {
 
 ~ENDIF
 
-
 ## Challenge 6
 
 What will this program output when run? Write down your guess and then try running it.
@@ -259,7 +257,7 @@ Write code that will output each character of `name` on its own line.
 
 So for if `name` is equal to `"Bridget"`, I would expect the following as output.
 
-```
+```text
 B
 r
 i
@@ -299,7 +297,7 @@ character and going backwards.
 
 So for if `name` is equal to `"Samantha"`, I would expect the following as output.
 
-```
+```text
 a
 h
 t
@@ -345,7 +343,7 @@ Keep doing this until the number equals one. Output it each time.
 
 If the initial number is `6` you should have this as output.
 
-```
+```text
 6
 3
 10
@@ -359,7 +357,7 @@ If the initial number is `6` you should have this as output.
 
 If the initial number is `15` you should have this as output.
 
-```
+```text
 15
 46
 23
@@ -461,8 +459,6 @@ public class Main {
 
 ~ENDIF
 
-
-
 ## Challenge 13
 
 Write code that outputs `{name} is mostly vowels` if the number of vowels in `name` is greater
@@ -472,8 +468,6 @@ same.
 
 Make sure to not treat non-alphabetic characters like `!` and `?` as consonants.
 
-
-
 ~IF toplevel_anonymous_class
 
 ```java
diff --git a/src/loops/continue.md b/src/loops/continue.md
index c4c0696..9ce9b18 100644
--- a/src/loops/continue.md
+++ b/src/loops/continue.md
@@ -19,4 +19,3 @@ while (x > 0) {
 If a `continue` is reached the code in the loop stops running immediately but, unlike `break`,
 the condition of the loop _is_ checked again. If it still evaluates to `true` then the code
 in the loop will run again.
-
diff --git a/src/loops/counting_down.md b/src/loops/counting_down.md
index d8f0ed1..4d0be13 100644
--- a/src/loops/counting_down.md
+++ b/src/loops/counting_down.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Counting Down
 
-If you want to do the opposite, starting from a number like `100` and count down to `1`, 
+If you want to do the opposite, starting from a number like `100` and count down to `1`,
 the pattern will be similar.
 
 You still have some variable tracking the current
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ while (currentNumber > 1) {
     System.out.println(currentNumber);
     currentNumber--;
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/counting_up.md b/src/loops/counting_up.md
index be84f56..48805b5 100644
--- a/src/loops/counting_up.md
+++ b/src/loops/counting_up.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ while (currentNumber <= 100) {
 }
 ```
 
-Take note that in this example the condition is `currentNumber <= 100`, so the code in the 
+Take note that in this example the condition is `currentNumber <= 100`, so the code in the
 loop will run when `currentNumber` is equal to `100`. If the condition was `currentNumber < 100`
 it would stop at `99`.
 
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ while (currentNumber < 100) {
     System.out.println(currentNumber);
     currentNumber++;
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/do_while.md b/src/loops/do_while.md
index a5bca64..b79f22f 100644
--- a/src/loops/do_while.md
+++ b/src/loops/do_while.md
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ while (x != 0) {
 ```
 
 One way to remember the difference is that in a "do-while loop" you always "do the thing"
-at least once.
\ No newline at end of file
+at least once.
diff --git a/src/loops/endless_loops.md b/src/loops/endless_loops.md
index 966aaca..d8c0c10 100644
--- a/src/loops/endless_loops.md
+++ b/src/loops/endless_loops.md
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ while (x != 1) {
 ```
 
 Many games should never really "finish" so at the very start of that sort of program it is not uncommon
-to see a `while (true)`.
\ No newline at end of file
+to see a `while (true)`.
diff --git a/src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md b/src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md
index 4612ebf..57e5ed4 100644
--- a/src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md
+++ b/src/loops/iterate_over_a_string.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Iterate over a String
 
-This general pattern of counting up and counting down becomes 
+This general pattern of counting up and counting down becomes
 especially useful when you want to iterate over each character in
 a `String`.
 
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ while (index < name.length()) {
     System.out.println(name.charAt(index));
     index++;
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/iteration.md b/src/loops/iteration.md
index 46329b9..95b7911 100644
--- a/src/loops/iteration.md
+++ b/src/loops/iteration.md
@@ -14,5 +14,6 @@ while (x < 5) {
     x++
 }
 ```
+
 When the purpose of a loop is to run for every thing in some sequence of things,
-we say that the loop is "iterating over" those things. 
+we say that the loop is "iterating over" those things.
diff --git a/src/loops/labeled_break.md b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
index 5b70ba2..ac61352 100644
--- a/src/loops/labeled_break.md
+++ b/src/loops/labeled_break.md
@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ while (x != 0) {
 System.out.println("done.")
 ```
 
-In this case the `x != 0` loop will be broken out of, not the `y != 0` one.
\ No newline at end of file
+In this case the `x != 0` loop will be broken out of, not the `y != 0` one.
diff --git a/src/loops/labeled_continue.md b/src/loops/labeled_continue.md
index df67757..777e4cb 100644
--- a/src/loops/labeled_continue.md
+++ b/src/loops/labeled_continue.md
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ while (true) {
         continue outerLoop;
     }
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/unreachable_code.md b/src/loops/unreachable_code.md
index 21843a9..32de9b3 100644
--- a/src/loops/unreachable_code.md
+++ b/src/loops/unreachable_code.md
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ while (true) {
 
     System.out.println("this is unreachable");
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/loops/while.md b/src/loops/while.md
index a49a906..9a034a0 100644
--- a/src/loops/while.md
+++ b/src/loops/while.md
@@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ while (glassesOfMilk > 0) {
 
 If a loop is made with `while` we call it a "while loop."[^tortoise]
 
-[^tortoise]: "We called him Tortoise because he taught us." - Lewis Carroll
\ No newline at end of file
+[^tortoise]: "We called him Tortoise because he taught us." - Lewis Carroll
diff --git a/src/null.md b/src/null.md
index fa03353..96f6970 100644
--- a/src/null.md
+++ b/src/null.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # null
 
 There is a special value called `null` which is assignable to
-any `String`
\ No newline at end of file
+any `String`
diff --git a/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md b/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
index c053e6f..feef543 100644
--- a/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
+++ b/src/prelude/asking_for_help.md
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # Asking for Help
 
-
-If anything in this confuses you or feels intimidating please, please **reach out** to someone. 
+If anything in this confuses you or feels intimidating please, please **reach out** to someone.
 
 If you are in a position to, make use of your teacher. That is what they
 are there for.
diff --git a/src/prelude/lies.md b/src/prelude/lies.md
index 57ab139..afcf171 100644
--- a/src/prelude/lies.md
+++ b/src/prelude/lies.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Lies
 
-At various points in this book I am also going to lie to you. Specifically I will 
+At various points in this book I am also going to lie to you. Specifically I will
 make lies of omission.
 
 If there are five ways to do something, I might pretend that there is only one
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ I get that. I just ask that you trust me and go in the sequence I am laying out.
 I am honestly trying to make it so that you end with a stronger understanding than
 you would have otherwise.
 
-If I fail, there is the question mark in the top right of every page.
\ No newline at end of file
+If I fail, there is the question mark in the top right of every page.

From 1057a1fa29ed0a9c36ed23a8466994a23e20a9db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 8 Apr 2023 16:18:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/24] Fix typo

---
 src/integers/division.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/integers/division.md b/src/integers/division.md
index 32fcd5b..bdf0f0e 100644
--- a/src/integers/division.md
+++ b/src/integers/division.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ So `5 / 2` does not result in `2.5`, but instead just `2`.
 // 5 / 2 is not 2.5, but instead 2.
 int x = 5 / 2;
 // 13 / 3 is not 4.3333, but instead 4.
-int y = 13 / 2;
+int y = 13 / 3;
 
 System.out.println(x);
 System.out.println(y);

From 282d4a3a251673baa754b5dc7d055754bc0dca56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Mon, 24 Apr 2023 14:21:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/24] ..

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                           | 21 ++++---
 src/for.md                               |  6 --
 src/for/i.md                             | 27 --------
 src/loops_ii.md                          |  9 +++
 src/loops_ii/break.md                    | 21 +++++++
 src/loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md      | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/continue.md                 |  1 +
 src/loops_ii/continute.md                |  1 +
 src/loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md       | 35 +++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md       | 15 +++++
 src/loops_ii/for.md                      | 28 +++++++++
 src/loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md | 23 +++++++
 src/loops_ii/for_syntax.md               | 39 ++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/i.md                        | 48 +++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/inferred_types.md           | 26 ++++++++
 src/loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md    | 13 ++++
 src/loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md    | 14 +++++
 src/loops_ii/var.md                      |  0
 18 files changed, 364 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/for.md
 delete mode 100644 src/for/i.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/break.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/continue.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/continute.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/for.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/for_syntax.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/i.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/inferred_types.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/var.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index fa5ac49..cec32e4 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -136,12 +136,19 @@
 
 # Control Flow II
 
-<!--
-- [For](./for.md)
-    - [Comparison to while]()
-    - [i](./for/i.md)
-    - [Relation to Arrays]()
-    - [var]()
+- [Loops II](./loops_ii.md)
+    - [For](./loops_ii/for.md)
+    - [For Syntax](./loops_ii/for_syntax.md)
+    - [Counting Up and Down](./loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md)
+    - [Iterate over a String](./loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md)
+    - [Iterate over an Array](./loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md)
+    - [Comparison to while](./loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md)
+    - [i](./loops_ii/i.md)
+    - [Break](./loops_ii/break.md)
+    - [Continue](./loops_ii/continue.md)
+    - [Delayed Assignment](./loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md)
+    - [Inferred Types](./loops_ii/inferred_types.md)
+    - [Empty Initializers](./loops_ii/empty_initializers.md)
     - [final]()
 - [For Each]()
 
@@ -153,8 +160,6 @@
 - [Primitive Types]()
 - [Populate array]()
 
--->
-
 # User Defined Types
 
 - [Classes](./classes.md)
diff --git a/src/for.md b/src/for.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ed4b4da..0000000
--- a/src/for.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# For
-
-```java
-for (int index = 0; index < array.length; index++) {
-    char element = array[index];
-}
diff --git a/src/for/i.md b/src/for/i.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 60e03e5..0000000
--- a/src/for/i.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# i
-
-One thing you will very often see if you read other peoples'
-code is that the variable being tracked in a for loop is often called
-`i`.
-
-```java
-String word = "bird";
-for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
-    char letter = word.charAt(i);
-    System.out.println(letter);
-}
-
-// b
-// i
-// r
-// d
-```
-
-While usually naming variables with single letters isn't a great idea,
-most developers carve out an exception for cases like this.
-
-If a for loop that starts its variable at `0`, keeps going until while
-it is `<` the length of some collection, and goes up by one each iteration
-it should be "obvious" what `i` means.
-
-Just do not start naming all your variables single letters.
diff --git a/src/loops_ii.md b/src/loops_ii.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b4b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Loops II
+
+`while` loops are enough to make any looping logic that you might want, but
+they aren't the only kind of loops you will see.
+
+There are tasks which would require a `while` loop, but are common enough that there are other kinds
+of loops that are shortcuts to writing them.
+
+
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/break.md b/src/loops_ii/break.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83e705a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/break.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Break
+
+`break` works the same with `for` loops as it does with `while` loops.
+Any time you hit a line with `break` you will immediately exit the loop.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+    if (i == 5) {
+        break;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+System.out.println("Over");
+
+// 0
+// 1
+// 2
+// 3
+// 4
+// Over
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md b/src/loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1177e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/comparison_to_while.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Comparison to while
+
+If you were to compare the code needed to loop over an array using a `for` loop
+and the code needed with a `while` loop, there might not seem like much of a difference.
+
+```java
+double[] numbers = { 4.4, 1.1, 4.1, 4.7 };
+
+for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
+    System.out.println(numbers[index]);
+}
+
+int index = 0;
+while (index < numbers.length) {
+    System.out.println(numbers[index]);
+    index++;
+}
+```
+
+This is doubly true when we are looking at toy examples where the only thing done
+with the element is `System.out.println`.
+
+The biggest benefit to a `for` is subtle. With a `while` based loop, the initializer and boolean expression
+can potentially be many lines from the statement which updates the variable.
+
+```java
+int index = 0;
+while (index < numbers.length) {
+    /*
+    Can
+
+
+    potentially
+
+    have
+
+    arbitrary
+
+    code
+
+    you want to run
+
+    a bunch
+
+    of times
+    */
+
+    index++;
+}
+```
+
+Us humans, with our tiny monkey brains, can get very lost when things that are related to eachother are separated
+by long distances.
+
+In this dimension, for loops are superior. All the bits of code that "control the loop" can be right at the top.
+
+```java
+for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
+    /*
+    Can
+
+
+    potentially
+
+    have
+
+    arbitrary
+
+    code
+
+    you want to run
+
+    a bunch
+
+    of times
+    */
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/continue.md b/src/loops_ii/continue.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca98b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/continue.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Continue
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/continute.md b/src/loops_ii/continute.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca98b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/continute.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Continue
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md b/src/loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70141d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Delayed Assignment
+
+The initializer of a `for` loop can give an initial value to a variable
+declared outside of the loop.
+
+```java
+int number;
+for (number = 0; number < 5; number++) {
+    System.out.println("At: " + number);
+}
+```
+
+You might choose to do this so that after the loop is finished, you can still access the variable.
+
+```java
+int number;
+for (number = 0; number < 5; number++) {
+    System.out.println("At: " + number);
+}
+
+// This will work, we can access the variable still.
+System.out.println("Ended at: " + number);
+```
+
+If you had put both the declaration and initial value inside the initializer, you won't be able
+to use that variable after the loop
+
+```java
+for (int number = 0; number < 5; number++) {
+    System.out.println("At: " + number);
+}
+
+// This will not work. number is no longer available
+System.out.println("Ended at: " + number);
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md b/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4c7283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Empty Initializers
+
+You are allowed to leave the initializer part of a `for` loop blank
+so long as you still have the `;`.
+
+
+```java
+int number = 0;
+for (;number < 5; number++) {
+    System.out.println(number);
+}
+```
+
+You might choose to do this for the same reasons you might choose to split the declaration
+and assignment of the "loop variable." 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/for.md b/src/loops_ii/for.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1bd550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/for.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# For
+
+The `for` loop is a shortcut to writing a `while` loop which
+has distinct steps that
+
+- Declare a variable
+- Check that variable to know whether to stop iterating
+- Update the variable at the end of each iteration
+
+As with many things, this might be easiest to see by looking at an example.
+
+```java
+// Will run 10 times
+for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++) {
+    System.out.println(number);
+}
+```
+
+That `for` loop works about the same as this `while` loop.
+
+```java
+int number = 0;
+while (number < 10) {
+    System.out.println(number);
+
+    number++;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md b/src/loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6de304e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Counting Up and Down
+
+One of the easiest things to do with a `for` loop is count up to or down from
+a given number.
+
+```java
+// Goes from 1 to 100
+for (int currentNumber = 1; currentNumber <= 100; currentNumber++) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+}
+
+// Goes from 100 to 1
+for (int currentNumber = 100; currentNumber >= 1; currentNumber--) {
+    System.out.println(currentNumber);
+}
+```
+
+You use the initializer to set some variable to a starting number like `int currentNumber = 1`,
+have the expression check if the number is at the target end number like `currentNumber <= 100`,
+and use the statement to change the number by one like `currentNumber++`.[^test]
+
+[^test]: Very often, if you are given a test on `for` loops it will focus on doing all sorts of counting up, down, and around.
+Be prepared.
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/for_syntax.md b/src/loops_ii/for_syntax.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b045c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/for_syntax.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# For Syntax
+
+A `for` loop has three distinct parts.
+
+1. An initializer.
+
+2. An expression which evaluates to a `boolean`.
+
+3. A statement.
+
+
+```java
+for (<INITIALIZER> ; <EXPRESSION> ; <STATEMENT>) {
+    <CODE HERE>
+}
+```
+
+The initializer is a statement which declares and initializes a variable
+like `int number = 0`.
+
+The expression is some check like `number < 5` that is checked each iteration
+to know if the loop should continue.
+
+The statement is ran at the end of every iteration, generally updating the variable tracked by the
+initializer and expression.
+
+These can be thought of as being the same as a `while` loop written like so.
+
+```java
+<INITIALIZER>;
+while (<EXPRESSION>) {
+    <CODE HERE>
+
+    <STATEMENT>;
+}
+```
+
+
+
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/i.md b/src/loops_ii/i.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca01b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/i.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# i
+
+One thing you will very often see if you read other peoples'
+code is that the variable being tracked in a for loop is often called
+`i`.
+
+```java
+String word = "bird";
+
+for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+    char letter = word.charAt(i);
+    System.out.println(letter);
+}
+
+// b
+// i
+// r
+// d
+```
+
+While usually naming variables with single letters isn't a great idea,
+most developers carve out an exception for cases like this. Writing `index` gets
+tedious.
+
+Its also helpful to go `i -> j -> k` when you end up nesting `for` loops.[^jindex]
+
+```java
+char[] letters = { 'A', 'B', 'C' };
+int[] numbers = { 1, 2 };
+
+for (int i = 0; i < letters.length; i++) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < numbers.length; j++) {
+        System.out.print(letters[i]);
+        System.out.println(numbers[j]);
+    }
+}
+
+// A1
+// A2
+// B1
+// B2
+// C1
+// C2
+```
+
+Just do not start naming all your variables single letters.
+
+[^jindex]: `j` and `k` standing for jindex an kindex respectfully.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/inferred_types.md b/src/loops_ii/inferred_types.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93a3993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/inferred_types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Inferred Types
+
+The initializer of a `for` loop works the same as any variable assignment, so
+you still are allowed to use `var` so that the type of the declared variable is inferred.
+
+```java
+for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+```
+
+`var` is the same number of letters as `int` so you aren't gaining much when your `for` loop
+is just counting over numbers. 
+
+But if your `for` loop is doing something more exotic, it might make sense.
+
+```java
+for (var repeated = ""; repeated.length() < 5; repeated = repeated + "a") {
+    System.out.println(repeated);
+}
+
+// a
+// aa
+// aaa
+// aaaa
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md b/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c178a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Iterate over a String
+
+As was shown with `while` loops, being able to count up and down lets
+you iterate over each character in a `String`.
+
+
+```java 
+String name = "Lavigne";
+
+for (int index = 0; index < name.length(); index++) {
+    System.out.println(name.charAt(index));
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md b/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d9f2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Iterate over an Array
+
+In the same way you can use a `for` loop to go through each character of a `String`,
+you can use it to go through each element in an array.
+
+```java
+int[] numbers = { 4, 1, 6, 9 };
+
+for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
+    System.out.println(numbers[index]);
+}
+```
+
+The only difference from `String`s is that instead of `.length()` and `.charAt(...)`, you use `.length` and `[]`.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/var.md b/src/loops_ii/var.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29

From d46310d732ab40f921dd8c3d1a27e27581636fcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Mon, 24 Apr 2023 15:17:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                        | 10 ++++-
 src/drawing_shapes.md                 |  7 ++++
 src/drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md |  1 +
 src/loops/do_while.md                 |  2 +-
 src/loops_ii/continue.md              | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/continute.md             |  1 -
 src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md        | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions        |  1 +
 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions.md     | 31 ++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md    | 12 +++++-
 src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md      | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/final_variables.md       | 35 ++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/labeled_break.md         | 30 ++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md      | 26 ++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/var.md                   |  0
 15 files changed, 316 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/drawing_shapes.md
 create mode 100644 src/drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md
 delete mode 100644 src/loops_ii/continute.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/final_variables.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/labeled_break.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
 delete mode 100644 src/loops_ii/var.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index cec32e4..8f926de 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -149,7 +149,15 @@
     - [Delayed Assignment](./loops_ii/delayed_assignment.md)
     - [Inferred Types](./loops_ii/inferred_types.md)
     - [Empty Initializers](./loops_ii/empty_initializers.md)
-    - [final]()
+    - [Empty Expressions](./loops_ii/empty_expressions.md)
+    - [Empty Statements](./loops_ii/empty_statements.md)
+    - [Final Variables](./loops_ii/final_variables.md)
+    - [Labeled Break](./loops_ii/labeled_break.md)
+    - [Labeled Continue](./loops_ii/labeled_continue.md)
+    - [Drawing Shapes](./loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md)
+- [Drawing Shapes](./drawing_shapes.md)
+    - [Right Triangles](./drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md)
+
 - [For Each]()
 
 - [Iteration]()
diff --git a/src/drawing_shapes.md b/src/drawing_shapes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8990f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/drawing_shapes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Drawing Shapes
+
+One of the more fun things to do with loops is to use them to print out shapes.
+
+This gets to be its own chapter both because its a fun thing to play with and because
+you are likely to be asked to do this sort of toy problem relatively early. It also is
+an opportunity 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md b/src/drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa13278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Right Triangles
diff --git a/src/loops/do_while.md b/src/loops/do_while.md
index b79f22f..fdbcebe 100644
--- a/src/loops/do_while.md
+++ b/src/loops/do_while.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Do
 
-One variation on a while loop is a "do-while loop."
+One variation on a `while` loop is a "do-while loop."
 
 ```java
 int x = 0;
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/continue.md b/src/loops_ii/continue.md
index ca98b56..f2a3a98 100644
--- a/src/loops_ii/continue.md
+++ b/src/loops_ii/continue.md
@@ -1 +1,59 @@
 # Continue
+
+`continue` works slightly differently with `for` loops than how it does with `while` loops.
+
+Any time you hit a line with `continue` you will immediately jump back to the top of the loop, but
+unlike with a `while` loop, the statement which updates your variable will still run.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    if (i == 2) {
+        // i++ will still run
+        continue;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+
+// 0
+// 1
+// 3
+// 4
+```
+
+So the above `for` loop is not equivalent to this `while` loop.
+
+```java
+int i = 0;
+while (i < 5) {
+    if (i == 2) {
+        continue;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+
+    i++;
+}
+
+// 0
+// 1
+// ... spins forever ...
+```
+
+It is equivalent to this one.
+
+```java
+int i = 0;
+while (i < 5) {
+    if (i == 2) {
+        i++
+        continue;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+
+    i++;
+}
+
+// 0
+// 1
+// 3
+// 4
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/continute.md b/src/loops_ii/continute.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ca98b56..0000000
--- a/src/loops_ii/continute.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Continue
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md b/src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f7b846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Drawing Shapes
+
+One of the more fun things to do with `for` loops[^quiz] is to use them to print out shapes.
+
+Say you wanted to draw this triangle.
+
+```
+*
+**
+***
+```
+
+There is one `*`, then two `*`s on the next line, and three `*`s on the last.
+
+If you were to write the code out to print this explicitly it would look like this.
+
+```java
+System.out.print("*\n**\n**\n");
+```
+
+Where `\n` is explicitly putting in the new lines.
+
+Since counting up `1 -> 2 -> 3` is easy with `for` loops, you can translate this
+
+```java
+for (int numberOfStars = 1; numberOfStars <= 3; numberOfStars++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfStars; i++) {
+        System.out.print("*");
+    }
+    // Same as System.out.print("\n");
+    System.out.println();
+}
+```
+
+Which makes it easy to make one of these triangles however tall you want.
+
+```java
+int height = 6;
+for (int numberOfStars = 1; numberOfStars <= height; numberOfStars++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfStars; i++) {
+        System.out.print("*");
+    }
+    System.out.println();
+}
+```
+
+```
+*
+**
+***
+****
+*****
+******
+```
+
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions b/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cf6f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Empty Expressions
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions.md b/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7592400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Empty Expressions
+
+You are also allowed to leave the expression part of a `for` loop blank.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 0;;i++) {
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+// 0
+// 1
+// 2
+// 3
+// ... and so on
+```
+
+This means that each time through there is no check to see if the loop will exit.
+The loop will only exit if there is an explicit `break` somewhere.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 0;;i++) {
+    if (i == 5) {
+        break;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+// 0
+// 1
+// 2
+// 3
+// 4
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md b/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
index e4c7283..6e1d1ea 100644
--- a/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_initializers.md
@@ -12,4 +12,14 @@ for (;number < 5; number++) {
 ```
 
 You might choose to do this for the same reasons you might choose to split the declaration
-and assignment of the "loop variable." 
\ No newline at end of file
+and assignment of the "loop variable." So that the variable will be accessible after the end of the loop.
+
+This way its initialization and declaration can be on the same line, which might be desirable.
+
+```java
+int number = 0;
+for (;number < 5; number++) {
+    System.out.println(number);
+}
+System.out.println("Still have number: " + number);
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md b/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15dd685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Empty Statements
+
+You can even leave the statement part of a `for` loop blank. This means that at
+the end of an iteration there is nothing guarenteed to run.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 6; i > 2;) {
+    System.out.println(i);
+    i--;
+}
+
+// 6
+// 5
+// 4
+// 3
+// 2
+```
+
+If you leave both the initializer and statement blank, that will be functionally identical to a `while` loop.[^cry]
+
+```java
+int number = 1;
+for (;number < 10;) {
+    System.out.println(number);
+    number *= 2;
+}
+
+// Same logic as abobe
+int number2 = 1;
+while (number2 < 10) {
+    System.out.println(number2);
+    number2 *= 2;
+}
+```
+
+If you leave the initializer, expression, and statement blank it will be the same as a `while (true)` loop.
+
+```java
+for (;;) {
+    System.out.println("The people stated singing it...");
+}
+// Runs forever
+```
+
+The only difference is that `(;;)` looks somewhat like
+
+- A spider
+- The Pokémon Kabuto
+- A person crying
+
+And that can be fun.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/final_variables.md b/src/loops_ii/final_variables.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d062bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/final_variables.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Final Variables
+
+The initializer of a `for` loop can also declare `final` variables.
+
+```java
+int i = 0;
+for (final String name = "Bob"; i < 5; i++) {
+    System.out.println(name + ": " + i);
+}
+```
+
+This doesn't have much use with loops that track `int`s and `String`s, but if you
+are feeling clever you can use this ability along with arrays or other things you
+can change without reassigning a variable.
+
+```java
+for (final char[] letters = { 'I', 'O', 'U' }; letters[0] != 'A';) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < letters.length; i++) {
+        letters[i] -= 1;
+        System.out.print(letters[i]);
+    }
+    System.out.println();
+}
+
+// HNT
+// GMS
+// FLR
+// EKQ
+// DJP
+// CIO
+// BHN
+// AGM
+```
+
+There aren't many reasons to do this, but it is in fact not against the law and I cannot stop you.
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/labeled_break.md b/src/loops_ii/labeled_break.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82d99a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/labeled_break.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Labeled Break
+
+Labeled breaks work the same with `for` loops as they do with `while` loops.
+
+```java
+outerLoop:
+for (;;) {
+    for (;;) {
+        break outerLoop;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This applies also to when `while` loops are nested within `for` loops or the other way around.
+
+```java
+outerForLoop:
+for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    System.out.println(i);
+    while (i < 100) {
+        if (i == 5) {
+            break outerForLoop;
+        }
+        i++;
+    }
+    System.out.println(i);
+}
+
+// 0
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md b/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c8ab3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Labeled Continue
+
+Labeled continues also work the same in `for` loops as `while` loops, but with the hopefully expected caveat that
+the statement of a `for` loop will always run when you get to the top of it.
+
+```java
+for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { 
+        System.out.println ("" + i + ", " + j);
+        if (i == 2) {
+            // i++ will run
+            continue a;
+        }   
+    }
+}
+// 0, 0
+// 0, 1
+// 0, 2
+// 1, 0
+// 1, 1
+// 1, 2
+// 2, 0
+// 3, 0
+// 3, 1
+// 3, 2
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/var.md b/src/loops_ii/var.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000

From de1d34b4253293b367a51b6a77bd7191dc58d155 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2023 10:07:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/24] ...

---
 book.toml                                     |   5 +-
 src/SUMMARY.md                                |  24 +++--
 src/arrays/challenges.md                      |   1 +
 src/drawing_shapes.md                         |   7 --
 src/loops_ii/challenges.md                    | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md   |  47 ++++++++
 ...g_shapes.md => drawing_right_triangles.md} |   4 +-
 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions                |   1 -
 src/methods.md                                |  21 ++++
 src/methods/arguments.md                      |  16 +++
 src/methods/declaration.md                    |  11 ++
 src/methods/invocation.md                     |  32 ++++++
 src/methods/main.md                           |  17 +++
 src/methods/return.md                         |  42 ++++++++
 src/methods/return_values.md                  |  36 +++++++
 src/methods/scope.md                          |  36 +++++++
 src/methods/unreachable_statements.md         |  35 ++++++
 src/methods/void.md                           |  23 ++++
 18 files changed, 438 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/arrays/challenges.md
 delete mode 100644 src/drawing_shapes.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/challenges.md
 create mode 100644 src/loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md
 rename src/loops_ii/{drawing_shapes.md => drawing_right_triangles.md} (93%)
 delete mode 100644 src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
 create mode 100644 src/methods/declaration.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/invocation.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/main.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/return.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/scope.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/unreachable_statements.md

diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml
index 5a16912..a49310a 100644
--- a/book.toml
+++ b/book.toml
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ level = 0         # the depth to start folding
 
 [preprocessor.features]
 command = "python3 features.java"
-# Not ready
-toplevel_anonymous_class = false
+# Going to start writing the rest of the book
+# Assuming this is true
+toplevel_anonymous_class = true
 # Not ready
 simple_io = false
 # Turn on when Java 21 released
diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 8f926de..2795483 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
     - [Printing the Contents of an Array](./arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.md)
     - [Empty Array](./arrays/empty_array.md)
     - [Difference between Initializer and Literal](./arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.md)
-    - [Challenges](./arrays/challenges)
+    - [Challenges](./arrays/challenges.md)
 
 # Control Flow II
 
@@ -154,10 +154,22 @@
     - [Final Variables](./loops_ii/final_variables.md)
     - [Labeled Break](./loops_ii/labeled_break.md)
     - [Labeled Continue](./loops_ii/labeled_continue.md)
-    - [Drawing Shapes](./loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md)
-- [Drawing Shapes](./drawing_shapes.md)
-    - [Right Triangles](./drawing_shapes/right_triangles.md)
+    - [Drawing Right Triangles](./loops_ii/drawing_right_triangles.md)
+    - [Drawing Isosceles Triangles](./loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md)
+    - [Challenges](./loops_ii/challenges.md)
 
+# Code Structure
+
+- [Methods](./methods.md)
+    - [Declaration](./methods/declaration.md)
+    - [Invocation](./methods/invocation.md)
+    - [Scope](./methods/scope.md)
+    - [Return](./methods/return.md)
+    - [Unreachable Statements](./methods/unreachable_statements.md)
+    - [Return Values](./methods/return_values.md)
+    - [void](./methods/void.md)
+    - [main](./methods/main.md)
+    - [Arguments](./methods/arguments.md)
 - [For Each]()
 
 - [Iteration]()
@@ -178,10 +190,6 @@
     - [Naming](./classes/naming.md)
 - [Fields](./fields.md)
     - [Default Values](./fields/default_values.md)
-- [Methods](./methods.md)
-    - [Arguments](./methods/arguments.md)
-    - [Return Values](./methods/return_values.md)
-    - [void](./methods/void.md)
 - [Constructors](./constructors.md)
 
 <!--
diff --git a/src/arrays/challenges.md b/src/arrays/challenges.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9358534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arrays/challenges.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Challenges
diff --git a/src/drawing_shapes.md b/src/drawing_shapes.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8990f5d..0000000
--- a/src/drawing_shapes.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Drawing Shapes
-
-One of the more fun things to do with loops is to use them to print out shapes.
-
-This gets to be its own chapter both because its a fun thing to play with and because
-you are likely to be asked to do this sort of toy problem relatively early. It also is
-an opportunity 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/challenges.md b/src/loops_ii/challenges.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f06993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/challenges.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# Challenges
+
+Remember the rules for this are
+
+* Try to use only the information given up to this point in this book.
+* Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt
+
+You are extremely likely to be quizzed on `for` loops on any standardized tests,
+so these challenges are going to include a lot of repetition and sometimes a tricky
+case to handle. Its for your own good, I hope.
+
+## Challenge 1
+
+Write code that will output every number from 0 to 15, including 0 and 15.
+
+```
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+```
+
+Do it using a `for` loop and again using a `while` loop.
+
+## Challenge 2
+
+Write code that will output every number from 15 to 0, including 0 and 15.
+
+``` 
+15
+14
+13
+12
+11
+10
+9
+8
+7
+6
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
+0
+```
+
+Do it using a `for` loop and again using a `while` loop.
+
+## Challenge 3
+
+Write code that will output every number from 15 to 0, excluding 0 and 15.
+
+``` 
+14
+13
+12
+11
+10
+9
+8
+7
+6
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
+```
+
+Do it using a `for` loop and again using a `while` loop.
+
+## Challenge 4.
+
+Write code that will output every third number from 51 to 66.
+
+```
+53
+56
+59
+62
+65
+```
+
+Do it using a `for` loop and again using a `while` loop.
+
+## Challenge 5.
+
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md b/src/loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e40203c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Drawing Isosceles Triangles
+
+Another fun shape is the isosceles triangle.
+
+```
+  *
+ ***
+*****
+```
+
+For this one, the each row of the triangle needs to have spaces before it to shift it in to the
+center. How much each row needs to be shifted depends on how big the trangle will be overall.
+
+In this case with three rows of `*`s, the top `*` needs two space characters before it
+and the second row needs one space character.
+
+```java
+System.out.println("   *\n  ***\n*****");
+```
+
+So any loop we make needs to take this pattern into account.
+
+```java
+int totalRows = 5;
+for (int row = 1; row <= totalRows; row++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < totalRows - row; i++) {
+        System.out.print(" ");
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < row * 2 - 1; i++) {
+        System.out.print("*");
+    }
+    System.out.println();
+}
+```
+
+```
+    *
+   ***
+  *****
+ *******
+*********
+```
+
+Which can get tricky. For now, you can just study the code that does it for this shape. There will be more things to draw
+in the challenges section.[^reason]
+
+[^reason]: The reason I'm focusing on this isn't because its likely you will get a job drawing shapes, but if you can draw a shape [you can dodge a ball](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZXHsNqkDI4).
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md b/src/loops_ii/drawing_right_triangles.md
similarity index 93%
rename from src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md
rename to src/loops_ii/drawing_right_triangles.md
index 4f7b846..1257809 100644
--- a/src/loops_ii/drawing_shapes.md
+++ b/src/loops_ii/drawing_right_triangles.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Drawing Shapes
+# Drawing Right Triangles
 
 One of the more fun things to do with `for` loops[^quiz] is to use them to print out shapes.
 
-Say you wanted to draw this triangle.
+Say you wanted to draw this right triangle.
 
 ```
 *
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions b/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
deleted file mode 100644
index 4cf6f48..0000000
--- a/src/loops_ii/empty_expressions
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Empty Expressions
diff --git a/src/methods.md b/src/methods.md
index 8f83418..7d482bf 100644
--- a/src/methods.md
+++ b/src/methods.md
@@ -1 +1,22 @@
 # Methods
+
+All the code you have seen up until this point has lived inside of `void main() {}`.
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    System.out.println("CODE GO HERE");
+}
+```
+
+This isn't sustainable for a few reasons. One is that code can get big. Putting a thousand lines inside of one place can be a lot, let
+alone the hundreds of thousands you need to be Minecraft or the millions you need to be Google. 
+
+Another is that there is almost always code that you will want to run at multiple places in a program. 
+Copy pasting that code can get old.
+
+This is what methods are for. Methods let you split up your code into smaller, reusable chunks.[^def]
+
+
+
+[^def]: The word method comes from a "method of getting things done." You might also hear methods referred to as "functions".
+
diff --git a/src/methods/arguments.md b/src/methods/arguments.md
index 6c09947..d60c7b7 100644
--- a/src/methods/arguments.md
+++ b/src/methods/arguments.md
@@ -1 +1,17 @@
 # Arguments
+
+As part of a method declaration, you can include a comma separated list of "arguments"
+to that method.
+
+These arguments let you change what happens when a method runs.
+
+```java
+int square(int x) {
+    return x * x;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    // 9
+    System.out.println(square(3));
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/declaration.md b/src/methods/declaration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44323ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/declaration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Declaration
+
+The simplest way to declare a method is to write `void` followed by some name, `()`, and some code inside of a `{` and `}`.
+
+```java
+void doThing() {
+    System.out.println("Hello from inside a method!");
+}
+```
+
+In this case, we declared a method named `doThing`. When it is run it will print out a message.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/invocation.md b/src/methods/invocation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a35cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/invocation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Invocation
+
+Once you've declared a method you can run the code inside of it by writing the
+name of the method followed by `()` in a statement.
+
+```java
+void doThing() {
+    System.out.println("Hello from inside a method!");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    doThing();
+}
+```
+
+Running the code in a method can be called a few things. "Running a method", "Calling a method", or "Invoking a method."[^wizard]
+
+You can call a method multiple times. If you do, then the code inside of it will be run multiple times.
+
+```java
+void doThing() {
+    System.out.println("Hello from inside a method!");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    doThing();
+    doThing();
+}
+```
+
+
+[^wizard]: I like that last one because "invoking" makes me sound like a Wizard.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/main.md b/src/methods/main.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa66614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/main.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# main
+
+The `main` method works the same as any other method. Java just treats it special by choosing to
+call it in order to start your programs.
+
+This means you can do anything in your `main` method you can do in any other method, including returning early.
+
+```java
+void main() {
+    int x = 5;
+
+    if (x == 5) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    System.out.println("WONT RUN");
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/return.md b/src/methods/return.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff1dfa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/return.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Return
+
+Anywhere inside of a method you can write `return` to immediately exit that method.
+
+```java
+void willReturnEarly() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        System.out.println(i);
+        if (i == 5) {
+            // Will stop at 5 because we exit the method
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    System.out.println("THIS WONT RUN");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    willReturnEarly();
+}
+```
+
+This will break out of any loops and skip running any other code in the method.
+
+```java
+void escapeFromLoops() {
+    while (true) {
+        for (;;) {
+            for (;;) {
+                while (true) {
+                    // Escape!
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void main() {
+    escapeFromLoops();
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/return_values.md b/src/methods/return_values.md
index 515be6d..67536f5 100644
--- a/src/methods/return_values.md
+++ b/src/methods/return_values.md
@@ -1 +1,37 @@
 # Return Values
+
+In addition to running some code, a method can return a value to the code that is calling it.
+
+To do this, instead of writing `void` before a method, you should write the name of a type like `int`.
+Then at the end of the method you need to write `return` followed by something which is that type.
+
+```java
+int returnsEight() {
+    return 8;
+}
+```
+
+When the method is called, that expression can be used on the right hand side of an `=` to get the value returned by the method.
+
+```java
+int returnsEight() {
+    return 8;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    int value = returnsEight();
+    System.out.println(value);
+}
+```
+
+The method call can also be used directly in expressions without assigning its value to a variable first.
+
+```java
+String returnsName() {
+    return "Mariah";
+}
+
+void main() {
+    System.out.println(returnsName() + " is my name");
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/scope.md b/src/methods/scope.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c21055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/scope.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Scope
+
+Methods can contain any code, including variable declarations.
+
+```java
+void sayMathStuff() {
+    int x = 1;
+    int y = 2;
+    System.out.println("x is " + x);
+    System.out.println("y is " + y);
+    System.out.println("x + y is " + (x + y));
+}
+
+void main() {
+    sayMathStuff();
+}
+```
+
+When a method declares a variable inside of its body, that declaration is "scoped" to that method.
+Other code cannot see that variable.
+
+```java
+void sayMathStuff() {
+    int x = 1;
+    int y = 2;
+    System.out.println("x is " + x);
+    System.out.println("y is " + y);
+    System.out.println("x + y is " + (x + y));
+}
+
+void main() {
+    sayMathStuff();
+    // Error, x doesn't exist here
+    System.out.println(x);
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md b/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f8b3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Unreachable Statements
+
+If Java can figure out that some line of code is unreachable because it will always come after a
+`return`, then it will not run your code.
+
+```java
+void doThing() {
+    System.out.println("A");
+    return;
+    // unreachable statement
+    System.out.println("B");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    doThing();
+}
+```
+
+Java is easy to trick though.[^trick]
+
+```java
+void doThing() {
+    System.out.println("A");
+    if (true) {
+        return;
+    }
+    System.out.println("B");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    doThing();
+}
+```
+
+[^trick]: This _will_ always run, but Java chooses to not figure that out. It can't be smart enough to see through every `if`, so it doesn't try for any of them.
diff --git a/src/methods/void.md b/src/methods/void.md
index abd5d47..867ac44 100644
--- a/src/methods/void.md
+++ b/src/methods/void.md
@@ -1 +1,24 @@
 # void
+
+All methods have to declare some "return type". `void` is what you write when a method won't return any value.
+
+```java
+// Returns a String
+String title() {
+    return "All Night";
+}
+
+// Returns an int
+int views() {
+    return 4071;
+}
+
+// Doesn't return any value.
+void talkAboutVideo() {
+    System.out.println(title() + " only has " + views() + " views.");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    talkAboutVideo();
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file

From 148de8d4ff68f899130cf7d7c6beef88e3f1c0ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2023 13:08:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                        | 14 ++++++----
 src/arguments.md                      | 21 +++++++++++++++
 src/arguments/declaration.md          | 13 ++++++++++
 src/methods/arguments.md              | 20 +++++++++------
 src/methods/pure_functions.md         | 25 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/methods/scope.md                  |  5 +++-
 src/methods/unreachable_statements.md |  2 +-
 src/methods/void.md                   |  2 +-
 src/return                            |  1 +
 src/return_values.md                  | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/return_values/conversion.md       | 27 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/return_values/pure_functions.md   | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/return_values/void.md             | 25 ++++++++++++++++++
 13 files changed, 210 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/arguments.md
 create mode 100644 src/arguments/declaration.md
 create mode 100644 src/methods/pure_functions.md
 create mode 100644 src/return
 create mode 100644 src/return_values.md
 create mode 100644 src/return_values/conversion.md
 create mode 100644 src/return_values/pure_functions.md
 create mode 100644 src/return_values/void.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 2795483..29f8dd4 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -166,14 +166,18 @@
     - [Scope](./methods/scope.md)
     - [Return](./methods/return.md)
     - [Unreachable Statements](./methods/unreachable_statements.md)
-    - [Return Values](./methods/return_values.md)
-    - [void](./methods/void.md)
     - [main](./methods/main.md)
-    - [Arguments](./methods/arguments.md)
+- [Arguments](./arguments.md)
+    - [Declaration](./arguments/declaration.md)
+- [Return Values](./return_values.md)
+    - [void](./return_values/void.md)
+    - [Conversion](./return_values/conversion.md)
+    - [Pure Functions](./return_values/pure_functions.md)
+    
+
 - [For Each]()
 
-- [Iteration]()
-    - [Iterate over an array]()
+
 
 - [null](./null.md)
 - [Reference Types]()
diff --git a/src/arguments.md b/src/arguments.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64eaf15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arguments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Arguments
+
+If methods always had to do the same thing each time they were run, they wouldn't be that useful.
+
+The way to customize what happens when a method is called is to have them take "arguments."
+Arguments let the caller of the method change what happens when a method runs.
+As part of a method declaration, you can include a comma separated list of "arguments"
+to that method. These arguments let the caller of the method change what happens when a method runs.
+
+```java
+void sayHello(String name) {
+    System.out.println("Hello " + name + "!");
+}
+
+void main() {
+    // Hello Joshua!
+    sayHello("Joshua");
+    // Hello Claire!
+    sayHello("Claire");
+}
+```
diff --git a/src/arguments/declaration.md b/src/arguments/declaration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ec05ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/arguments/declaration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Declaration
+
+To declare a method take an argument, instead of putting `()` after the method name
+you need to put a comma separated list of argument declarations.
+
+Each argument declaration looks the same as a variable declaration and has both a type and a name.
+
+```java
+// This declares a single argument named "food" that
+// has a type of "String".
+void eat(String food) {
+    System.out.println("I ate " + food);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/arguments.md b/src/methods/arguments.md
index d60c7b7..64eaf15 100644
--- a/src/methods/arguments.md
+++ b/src/methods/arguments.md
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 # Arguments
 
-As part of a method declaration, you can include a comma separated list of "arguments"
-to that method.
+If methods always had to do the same thing each time they were run, they wouldn't be that useful.
 
-These arguments let you change what happens when a method runs.
+The way to customize what happens when a method is called is to have them take "arguments."
+Arguments let the caller of the method change what happens when a method runs.
+As part of a method declaration, you can include a comma separated list of "arguments"
+to that method. These arguments let the caller of the method change what happens when a method runs.
 
 ```java
-int square(int x) {
-    return x * x;
+void sayHello(String name) {
+    System.out.println("Hello " + name + "!");
 }
 
 void main() {
-    // 9
-    System.out.println(square(3));
+    // Hello Joshua!
+    sayHello("Joshua");
+    // Hello Claire!
+    sayHello("Claire");
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
diff --git a/src/methods/pure_functions.md b/src/methods/pure_functions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b49eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/methods/pure_functions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Pure Functions
+
+When a method only uses its arguments in order to compute a return value
+but doesn't otherwise change the outside world, we call those methods
+"pure functions."
+
+```java
+// square just uses x to compute the square of x
+int square(int x) {
+    return x * x;
+}
+```
+
+If a method changes any values non-local to it, such as by assigning values to an array,
+we consider it to be "impure."
+
+```java
+void multiplyAllByTwo(int[] numbers) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
+        // 
+        numbers[i] = numbers[i] * 2;
+    }
+}
+
+The term "pure" comes from the notion of "pure mathematics."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/scope.md b/src/methods/scope.md
index 1c21055..d0a5f0b 100644
--- a/src/methods/scope.md
+++ b/src/methods/scope.md
@@ -33,4 +33,7 @@ void main() {
     // Error, x doesn't exist here
     System.out.println(x);
 }
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
+
+This is why we have called variables "local variables." They are local to the "scope" of the
+method they are declared in.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md b/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md
index 3f8b3bc..b2f014b 100644
--- a/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md
+++ b/src/methods/unreachable_statements.md
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ void main() {
 }
 ```
 
-[^trick]: This _will_ always run, but Java chooses to not figure that out. It can't be smart enough to see through every `if`, so it doesn't try for any of them.
+[^trick]: This _will_ always return before the `println`, but Java chooses to not figure that out. It can't be smart enough to see through every `if`, so it doesn't try for any of them.
diff --git a/src/methods/void.md b/src/methods/void.md
index 867ac44..bc10d70 100644
--- a/src/methods/void.md
+++ b/src/methods/void.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # void
 
-All methods have to declare some "return type". `void` is what you write when a method won't return any value.
+All methods have to declare some return type. `void` is what you write when a method won't return any value.
 
 ```java
 // Returns a String
diff --git a/src/return b/src/return
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b98287e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/return
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Conversion From Integers
diff --git a/src/return_values.md b/src/return_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67536f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/return_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Return Values
+
+In addition to running some code, a method can return a value to the code that is calling it.
+
+To do this, instead of writing `void` before a method, you should write the name of a type like `int`.
+Then at the end of the method you need to write `return` followed by something which is that type.
+
+```java
+int returnsEight() {
+    return 8;
+}
+```
+
+When the method is called, that expression can be used on the right hand side of an `=` to get the value returned by the method.
+
+```java
+int returnsEight() {
+    return 8;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    int value = returnsEight();
+    System.out.println(value);
+}
+```
+
+The method call can also be used directly in expressions without assigning its value to a variable first.
+
+```java
+String returnsName() {
+    return "Mariah";
+}
+
+void main() {
+    System.out.println(returnsName() + " is my name");
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/return_values/conversion.md b/src/return_values/conversion.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b5a591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/return_values/conversion.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Conversion
+
+When a value is returned, Java will want to coerce it into
+the type of value that the method says it returns.
+
+If Java knows how to do that conversion, then it can happen automatically.
+
+```java
+// This method declares a return type of double.
+double returnFive() {
+    // x is an int
+    int x = 5;
+    // When it is returned, it will be turned into a double 
+    return x;
+}
+```
+
+But if that conversion might potentially be lossy, as with converting `double`s to `int`s,
+you must do it yourself.
+
+```java
+double returnNine() {
+    double nine = 9.0;
+    // The (int) explicitly converts the double to an int
+    return (int) nine;
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/return_values/pure_functions.md b/src/return_values/pure_functions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8e0b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/return_values/pure_functions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Pure Functions
+
+When a method only uses its arguments in order to compute a return value
+but doesn't otherwise change the outside world, we call those methods
+"pure functions."
+
+```java
+// square just uses x to compute the square of x
+int square(int x) {
+    return x * x;
+}
+```
+
+If a method changes any values non-local to it, such as by assigning values to an array,
+we consider it to be "impure."
+
+```java
+void multiplyAllByTwo(int[] numbers) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
+        // This assignment is "impure" since it changes
+        // something outside the method.
+        numbers[i] = numbers[i] * 2;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The term "pure" comes from the notion of "pure mathematics." 
+
+Pure functions are useful in the sense that they can be easier to understand on account of having what
+they do only depend on their inputs. 
+
+They can also be easier to verify. To know if a pure function does
+what you expect it to, you can give it example arguents and check to see that its return values are what
+you expect.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/return_values/void.md b/src/return_values/void.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3080a06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/return_values/void.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# void
+
+All methods have to declare some return type. `void` is what you write when a method won't return any value.
+
+```java
+// Returns a String
+String title() {
+    return "All Night";
+}
+
+// Returns an int
+int views() {
+    return 4071;
+}
+
+// Doesn't return any value.
+void talkAboutVideo() {
+    System.out.println(title() + " only has " + views() + " views.");
+}
+
+// This is what the void in "void main()" means
+void main() {
+    talkAboutVideo();
+}
+```
\ No newline at end of file

From 7c79014fe4acde3605eed9b75b3262c38ebcad7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2023 13:25:31 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/24] classes

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                   |  9 ++++++-
 src/classes.md                   | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/classes/declaration.md       |  6 +++++
 src/classes/field_declaration.md |  1 +
 src/classes/naming_classes.md    |  1 +
 src/classes/naming_fields.md     |  6 +++++
 src/classes/new.md               |  1 +
 src/classes/zero_values.md       |  1 +
 8 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/classes/declaration.md
 create mode 100644 src/classes/field_declaration.md
 create mode 100644 src/classes/naming_classes.md
 create mode 100644 src/classes/naming_fields.md
 create mode 100644 src/classes/new.md
 create mode 100644 src/classes/zero_values.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 29f8dd4..1ca59e8 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -173,7 +173,14 @@
     - [void](./return_values/void.md)
     - [Conversion](./return_values/conversion.md)
     - [Pure Functions](./return_values/pure_functions.md)
-    
+- [Classes](./classes.md)
+    - [Class Declaration](./classes/class_declaration.md)
+    - [Naming Classes](./classes/naming_classes.md)
+    - [Field Declaration](./classes/field_declaration.md)
+    - [Naming Fields](./classes/naming_fields.md)
+    - [new](./classes/new.md)
+    - [Zero Values](./classes/zero_values.md)
+    - [null](./classes/null.md)
 
 - [For Each]()
 
diff --git a/src/classes.md b/src/classes.md
index 87846ef..60ce908 100644
--- a/src/classes.md
+++ b/src/classes.md
@@ -1 +1,44 @@
 # Classes
+
+Methods can only have one return value. This means that if you wanted to make a method
+that returned two values, such as the location of buried treasure, you would have trouble.
+
+```java
+// Can only declare one "thing" that will be returned
+double getTreasureLocation() {
+    // Can't return two values.
+    return 43.8803, 103.4538
+}
+```
+
+This is the first[^many] use of classes. You can declare your own class which can hold multiple
+values and use that to smuggle them across a method return.
+
+```java
+class Location {
+    double latitude;
+    double longitude;
+}
+
+Location getTreasureLocation() {
+    Location treasure = new Location();
+    treasure.latitude = 43.8803;
+    treasure.longitude = 103.4538;
+    return treasure;
+}
+
+void main() {
+    Location treasure = getTreasureLocation();
+
+    System.out.println(
+        "The treasure is at " + 
+        treasure.latitude +
+        "N, " +
+        treasure.longitude +
+        "W."
+    );
+}
+```
+
+
+[^many]: of many
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/classes/declaration.md b/src/classes/declaration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d04b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/declaration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Declaration
+
+To declare a class, you write the word `class` followed by a name for the class.
+
+You shoul
+
diff --git a/src/classes/field_declaration.md b/src/classes/field_declaration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78c2026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/field_declaration.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Field Declaration
diff --git a/src/classes/naming_classes.md b/src/classes/naming_classes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1039ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/naming_classes.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Naming Classes
diff --git a/src/classes/naming_fields.md b/src/classes/naming_fields.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ede560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/naming_fields.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Naming Fields
+
+Fields are generally named `camelCase`, the same as local variables.
+
+```java
+class 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/classes/new.md b/src/classes/new.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f7fd6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/new.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# new
diff --git a/src/classes/zero_values.md b/src/classes/zero_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd09e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/zero_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Zero Values

From b778e73c47961e973bdd629199dff7cf54125f81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2023 13:51:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                              | 43 ++++++++++++++-------
 src/classes/aliasing.md                     |  1 +
 src/classes/naming_fields.md                | 12 +++++-
 src/constructors/final_fields.md            |  1 +
 src/constructors/the_default_constructor.md |  1 +
 src/constructors/this.md                    |  1 +
 src/instance                                |  1 +
 src/instance_methods.md                     |  1 +
 src/instance_methods/aliasing.md            |  1 +
 src/instance_methods/declaration.md         |  1 +
 src/instance_methods/derived_values.md      |  1 +
 src/instance_methods/invocation.md          |  1 +
 src/instance_methods/this.md                |  1 +
 src/null/checking_for_null.md               |  1 +
 src/null/field_access.md                    |  1 +
 src/null/instance_methods.md                |  1 +
 16 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/classes/aliasing.md
 create mode 100644 src/constructors/final_fields.md
 create mode 100644 src/constructors/the_default_constructor.md
 create mode 100644 src/constructors/this.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods/aliasing.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods/declaration.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods/derived_values.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods/invocation.md
 create mode 100644 src/instance_methods/this.md
 create mode 100644 src/null/checking_for_null.md
 create mode 100644 src/null/field_access.md
 create mode 100644 src/null/instance_methods.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index 1ca59e8..c957e7e 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -180,28 +180,43 @@
     - [Naming Fields](./classes/naming_fields.md)
     - [new](./classes/new.md)
     - [Zero Values](./classes/zero_values.md)
+    - [Aliasing](./classes/aliasing.md)
     - [null](./classes/null.md)
 
-- [For Each]()
+- [Constructors](./constructors.md)
+    - [this](./constructors/this.md)
+    - [The Default Constructor](./constructors/the_default_constructor.md)
+    - [Final Fields](./constructors/final_fields.md)
+
+- [Instance Methods](./instance_methods.md)
+    - [Declaration](./instance_methods/declaration.md)
+    - [Invocation](./instance_methods/invocation.md)
+    - [this](./instance_methods/this.md)
+    - [Aliasing](./instance_methods/aliasing.md)
+    - [Derived Values](./instance_methods/derived_values.md)
+- [null](./null.md)
+    - [Checking for null](./null/checking_for_null.md)
+    - [Field Access](./null/field_access.md)
+    - [Instance Methods](./null/instance_methods.md)
 
+# Data Types III
 
+- [Arrays II]()
+    - [Default Values]()
+    - [Populate Array]()
+- [Boxed Primitives]()
+    - [Boolean]()
+    - [Character]()
+    - [Integer]()
+    - [Double]()
+
+- [Example: "Growable" Array]()
 
-- [null](./null.md)
-- [Reference Types]()
-- [Primitive Types]()
-- [Populate array]()
 
 # User Defined Types
 
-- [Classes](./classes.md)
-    - [Primitive Classes](./classes/primitive_classes.md)
-    - [Reference Classes](./classes/reference_classes.md)
-    - [null](./classes/null.md)
-    - [Class Declaration](./classes/class_declaration.md)
-    - [Naming](./classes/naming.md)
-- [Fields](./fields.md)
-    - [Default Values](./fields/default_values.md)
-- [Constructors](./constructors.md)
+- [Primitive Classes](./classes/primitive_classes.md)
+- [Reference Classes](./classes/reference_classes.md)
 
 <!--
 Arrays
diff --git a/src/classes/aliasing.md b/src/classes/aliasing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81497a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/classes/aliasing.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Aliasing
diff --git a/src/classes/naming_fields.md b/src/classes/naming_fields.md
index 5ede560..561fd50 100644
--- a/src/classes/naming_fields.md
+++ b/src/classes/naming_fields.md
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 # Naming Fields
 
-Fields are generally named `camelCase`, the same as local variables.
+Fields are generally named `camelCase`, the same as local variables.[^break]
 
 ```java
-class 
\ No newline at end of file
+class Example {
+    int x;
+    String name;
+    int[] timesOfRacers;
+    String[] namesOfClowns;
+}
+```
+
+[^break]: If you break a social rule, something Bad happens.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/constructors/final_fields.md b/src/constructors/final_fields.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f44f644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/constructors/final_fields.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Final Fields
diff --git a/src/constructors/the_default_constructor.md b/src/constructors/the_default_constructor.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98d47b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/constructors/the_default_constructor.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# The Default Constructor
diff --git a/src/constructors/this.md b/src/constructors/this.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d742220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/constructors/this.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# this
diff --git a/src/instance b/src/instance
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d742220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# this
diff --git a/src/instance_methods.md b/src/instance_methods.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8122d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Instance Methods
diff --git a/src/instance_methods/aliasing.md b/src/instance_methods/aliasing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81497a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods/aliasing.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Aliasing
diff --git a/src/instance_methods/declaration.md b/src/instance_methods/declaration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a902009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods/declaration.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Declaration
diff --git a/src/instance_methods/derived_values.md b/src/instance_methods/derived_values.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93afde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods/derived_values.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Derived Values
diff --git a/src/instance_methods/invocation.md b/src/instance_methods/invocation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dae992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods/invocation.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Invocation
diff --git a/src/instance_methods/this.md b/src/instance_methods/this.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d742220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/instance_methods/this.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# this
diff --git a/src/null/checking_for_null.md b/src/null/checking_for_null.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5ca530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/null/checking_for_null.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Checking for null
diff --git a/src/null/field_access.md b/src/null/field_access.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87c6259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/null/field_access.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Field Access
diff --git a/src/null/instance_methods.md b/src/null/instance_methods.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8122d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/null/instance_methods.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Instance Methods

From 1de5d2b405045df67095a25cdd393ac1b19fd278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sun, 30 Apr 2023 10:19:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/24] Update labeled_continue.md

---
 src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md b/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
index 9c8ab3b..fab02c5 100644
--- a/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
+++ b/src/loops_ii/labeled_continue.md
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ Labeled continues also work the same in `for` loops as `while` loops, but with t
 the statement of a `for` loop will always run when you get to the top of it.
 
 ```java
+label:
 for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
     for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { 
         System.out.println ("" + i + ", " + j);
         if (i == 2) {
             // i++ will run
-            continue a;
+            continue label;
         }   
     }
 }

From 49f59d316b22f87151d9e9c31f426d86a95e03e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Thu, 4 May 2023 15:36:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/24] Update book.toml

---
 book.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml
index a49310a..13693d4 100644
--- a/book.toml
+++ b/book.toml
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ command = "python3 features.java"
 # Assuming this is true
 toplevel_anonymous_class = true
 # Not ready
-simple_io = false
+simple_io = true
 # Turn on when Java 21 released
 java_21 = false
\ No newline at end of file

From 69495a19abb3df7f8b03435656ac381c11558a18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ethan McCue <ethan@mccue.dev>
Date: Sat, 6 May 2023 23:56:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/24] ...

---
 src/SUMMARY.md                              | 11 ++++++++---
 src/constructors/multiple_constructors.md   |  1 +
 src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md            |  2 +-
 src/methods/declaration.md                  |  4 +---
 src/strings/access_individual_characters.md |  8 ++++----
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/constructors/multiple_constructors.md

diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md
index c957e7e..122c1a7 100644
--- a/src/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@
     - [this](./constructors/this.md)
     - [The Default Constructor](./constructors/the_default_constructor.md)
     - [Final Fields](./constructors/final_fields.md)
+    - [Multiple Constructors](./constructors/multiple_constructors.md)
 
 - [Instance Methods](./instance_methods.md)
     - [Declaration](./instance_methods/declaration.md)
@@ -194,13 +195,14 @@
     - [this](./instance_methods/this.md)
     - [Aliasing](./instance_methods/aliasing.md)
     - [Derived Values](./instance_methods/derived_values.md)
+
+# Data Types III
+
 - [null](./null.md)
     - [Checking for null](./null/checking_for_null.md)
     - [Field Access](./null/field_access.md)
     - [Instance Methods](./null/instance_methods.md)
 
-# Data Types III
-
 - [Arrays II]()
     - [Default Values]()
     - [Populate Array]()
@@ -212,7 +214,10 @@
 
 - [Example: "Growable" Array]()
 
-
+# Code Structure II
+- [Documentation]()
+    - [Documentation Comments]()
+- [Testing]()
 # User Defined Types
 
 - [Primitive Classes](./classes/primitive_classes.md)
diff --git a/src/constructors/multiple_constructors.md b/src/constructors/multiple_constructors.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efcb197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/constructors/multiple_constructors.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Multiple Constructors
diff --git a/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md b/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
index 15dd685..e0de604 100644
--- a/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
+++ b/src/loops_ii/empty_statements.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ for (;number < 10;) {
     number *= 2;
 }
 
-// Same logic as abobe
+// Same logic as above
 int number2 = 1;
 while (number2 < 10) {
     System.out.println(number2);
diff --git a/src/methods/declaration.md b/src/methods/declaration.md
index 44323ba..91334d9 100644
--- a/src/methods/declaration.md
+++ b/src/methods/declaration.md
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 # Declaration
 
-The simplest way to declare a method is to write `void` followed by some name, `()`, and some code inside of a `{` and `}`.
+The simplest kind of method is declared by writing `void` followed by some name, `()`, and some code inside of a `{` and `}`.
 
 ```java
 void doThing() {
     System.out.println("Hello from inside a method!");
 }
 ```
-
-In this case, we declared a method named `doThing`. When it is run it will print out a message.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md b/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
index edca4d1..1485059 100644
--- a/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
+++ b/src/strings/access_individual_characters.md
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ The second by using `1`, and so on.
 ```java
 String spy = "loid";
 
-char l = spi.charAt(0);
+char l = spy.charAt(0);
 System.out.println(l);
 
-char o = spi.charAt(1);
+char o = spy.charAt(1);
 System.out.println(o);
 
-char i = spi.charAt(2);
+char i = spy.charAt(2);
 System.out.println(i);
 
-char d = spi.charAt(3);
+char d = spy.charAt(3);
 System.out.println(d);
 ```