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<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

6.828 / Fall 2014

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

Toggle navigation

</button>

<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">6.828: Operating System Engineering</a>

</div>

<li><a href="schedule.html">Schedule</a></li>

<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Class</a>

<li><a href="overview.html">Overview</a></li>

<li><a href="general.html">Administrivia</a></li>

<li><a href="classes.html">Related classes</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a href="tools.html">Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="labguide.html">Lab guide</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a href="readings/xv6-rev8.pdf">xv6 printout</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a href="reference.html">References</a></li>

<li><a href="https://piazza.com/class/hxbtuy99afz46m">Piazza</a></li>

</ul>

2014

</ul>

</div>

.l {

margin-left: 4em;

}

</style>

function unfoldinstrux(unfold) {

var e = document.getElementById("installinstrux");

e.className = unfold ? "foldo" : "foldc";

}

</script>

<H1>

Tools Used in 6.828

</H1>

You'll use two sets of tools in this class: an x86 emulator, <a href="#qemu">QEMU</a>, for

running your kernel; and a <a href="#chain">compiler toolchain</a>, including assembler, linker, C

compiler, and debugger, for compiling and testing your kernel. This page has the

information you'll need to download and install your own copies. This class

assumes familiarity with Unix commands throughout.

We highly recommend using a Debathena machine, such as

athena.dialup.mit.edu, to work on the labs. If you use the MIT Athena machines

that run Linux, then all the software tools you will need for this course are

located in the 6.828 locker: just type '<samp>add -f 6.828</samp>' to get access

to them.

If you don't have access to a Debathena machine, we recommend you use a

virtual machine with Linux. If you really want to, you can build and

install the tools on your own machine. We have instructions below for Unix and

MacOS computers.

It should be possible to get this development environment running

under windows with the help of

<a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>. Install cygwin, and be

sure to install the <samp>flex</samp> and <samp>bison</samp> packages

(they are under the development header).

For an overview of useful commands in the tools used in 6.828, see the

<a href="labguide.html">lab tools guide</a>.

<h2 id="chain">Compiler Toolchain</h2>

A "compiler toolchain" is the set of programs, including a C

compiler, assemblers, and linkers, that turn code into executable

binaries. You'll need a compiler toolchain that generates code for

32-bit Intel architectures ("x86" architectures) in the ELF

binary format.

<h3>Test Your Compiler Toolchain</h3>

Modern Linux and BSD UNIX distributions already

provide a toolchain suitable for 6.828. To test your

distribution, try the following commands:

% objdump -i

</pre>

The second line should say <tt>elf32-i386</tt>.

% gcc -m32 -print-libgcc-file-name

</pre>

The command should print something like

<tt>/usr/lib/gcc/i486-linux-gnu/version/libgcc.a</tt> or

<tt>/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/version/32/libgcc.a</tt>

If both these commands succeed, you're all set, and

don't need to compile your own toolchain.

If the gcc command fails, you may need to

install a development environment. On Ubuntu Linux, try this:

% sudo apt-get install -y build-essential gdb

</pre>

On 64-bit machines, you may need to install a 32-bit support

library. The symptom is that linking fails with error messages

like "<tt>__udivdi3</tt> not found" and "<tt>__muldi3</tt> not

found". On Ubuntu Linux, try this to fix the problem:

% sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib

</pre>

<h3>Using a Virtual Machine</h3>

Otherwise, the easiest way to get a compatible

toolchain is to install a modern Linux distribution on

your computer. With platform virtualization, Linux can

cohabitate with your normal computing environment. Installing a

Linux virtual machine is a two step process. First, you download

the virtualization platform.

<ul><li><a href='http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/virtualization/oraclevm/'>VirtualBox</a>

(free for Mac, Linux, Windows) — <a

href='http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/virtualization/oraclevm/'>Download

page</a></li>

<li><a href='http://www.vmware.com/products/player/'>VMware

Player</a> (free for Linux and Windows, registration required)</li>

<li><a href='http://www.vmware.com/products/fusion/'>VMware

Fusion</a> (Downloadable from IS&T for free).

</ul>

VirtualBox is a little slower and less flexible, but free!

Once the virtualization platform is installed, download a boot

disk image for the Linux distribution of your choice.

<ul><li><a

href='http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/download'>Ubuntu

Desktop</a> is what we use.</li>

</ul>

This will download a file named something like

<tt>ubuntu-10.04.1-desktop-i386.iso</tt>. Start up your

virtualization platform and create a new (32-bit) virtual machine.

Use the downloaded Ubuntu image as a boot disk; the

procedure differs among VMs but is pretty simple. Type <tt

class='type'>objdump -i</tt>, as above, to verify that your

toolchain is now set up. You will do your work inside the VM.</div>

<h3>Building Your Own Compiler Toolchain</h3>

This will take longer to set up, but give slightly better performance than a

virtual machine, and lets you work in your own familiar environment

(Unix/MacOS). (We believe the instructions work for MacOS too, but haven't

confirmed recently. If it works, let's us know.)

You can use your own tool chain by adding the following line to

<tt>conf/env.mk</tt>:

<pre>

GCCPREFIX=

</pre>

We assume that you are installing the toolchain into

<tt>/usr/local</tt>. You will need a fair amount of disk space to compile

the tools (around 1GiB). If you don't have that much space, delete

each directory after its <tt class='type'>make install</tt> step.

Download the following packages:

<ul><li><a href='ftp://ftp.gmplib.org/pub/gmp-5.0.2/gmp-5.0.2.tar.bz2'>ftp://ftp.gmplib.org/pub/gmp-5.0.2/gmp-5.0.2.tar.bz2</a></li>

<li><a href='http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-current/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2'>http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-current/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2</a></li>

<li><a href='http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-0.9.tar.gz'>http://www.multiprecision.org/mpC/download/mpc-0.9.tar.gz</a></li>

<li><a href='http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.21.1.tar.bz2'>http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.21.1.tar.bz2</a></li>

<li><a href='http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.6.1/gcc-core-4.6.1.tar.bz2'>http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.6.1/gcc-core-4.6.1.tar.bz2</a></li>

<li><a href='http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gdb/gdb-7.3.1.tar.bz2'>http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gdb/gdb-7.3.1.tar.bz2</a></li></ul>

(You may also use newer versions of these packages.)

Unpack and build the packages. The <tt class='type'>green bold</tt>

text shows you how to install into <code>/usr/local</code>, which is what

we recommend. To install into a different directory,

$PFX, <a class='fn' href='javascript:unfoldinstrux(1)'>click here</a>note the differences in lighter type (<a href='javascript:unfoldinstrux(0)'>hide</a>). If you have problems, see below.

<div class='fx'>export PATH=$PFX/bin:$PATH

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PFX/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH # On Mac OS X, use DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

</div>tar xjf gmp-5.0.2.tar.bz2

cd gmp-5.0.2

./configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX

make

make install # This step may require privilege (sudo make install)

cd ..

tar xjf mpfr-3.0.1.tar.bz2

cd mpfr-3.0.1

./configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --with-gmp=$PFX

make

make install # This step may require privilege (sudo make install)

cd ..

tar xzf mpc-0.9.tar.gz

cd mpc-0.9

./configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --with-gmp=$PFX --with-mpfr=$PFX

make

make install # This step may require privilege (sudo make install)

cd ..

tar xjf binutils-2.21.1.tar.bz2

cd binutils-2.21.1

./configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --target=i386-jos-elf --disable-werror

make

make install # This step may require privilege (sudo make install)

cd ..

i386-jos-elf-objdump -i

# Should produce output like:

# BFD header file version (GNU Binutils) 2.21.1

# elf32-i386

# (header little endian, data little endian)

# i386...

tar xjf gcc-core-4.6.1.tar.bz2

cd gcc-4.6.1

mkdir build # GCC will not compile correctly unless you build in a separate directory

cd build

../configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --with-gmp=$PFX --with-mpfr=$PFX --with-mpc=$PFX \

--target=i386-jos-elf --disable-werror \

--disable-libssp --disable-libmudflap --with-newlib \

--without-headers --enable-languages=c

<div class='further'>MAC OS X 10.7 "LION" NOTE: The default clang compiler on Mac OS X 10.7

cannot build a working version of GCC. Use the following configure

line to work around the problem (this has reported to work with OS X 10.9.4 withXCode 5.1.1 and its Command Line Tools package (for gcc):

../configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --with-gmp=$PFX --with-mpfr=$PFX --with-mpc=$PFX \

--target=i386-jos-elf --disable-werror \

--disable-libssp --disable-libmudflap --with-newlib \

--without-headers --enable-languages=c \

CC=/usr/bin/gcc-4.2 \

make all-gcc

make install-gcc # This step may require privilege (sudo make install-gcc)

make all-target-libgcc

make install-target-libgcc # This step may require privilege (sudo make install-target-libgcc)

cd ../..

i386-jos-elf-gcc -v

# Should produce output like:

# Using built-in specs.

# COLLECT_GCC=i386-jos-elf-gcc

# COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/local/libexec/gcc/i386-jos-elf/4.6.1/lto-wrapper

# Target: i386-jos-elf

tar xjf gdb-7.3.1.tar.bz2

cd gdb-7.3.1

./configure --prefix=/usr/local--prefix=$PFX --target=i386-jos-elf --program-prefix=i386-jos-elf- \

--disable-werror

make all

make install # This step may require privilege (sudo make install)

cd ..

</pre></div>

<h4>Troubleshooting</h4>

<dl>

<dt>Q. I can't run <tt class='type'>make install</tt> because I don't

have root permission on this machine.</dt>

<dd>A. Our instructions assume you are installing into the

<tt>/usr/local</tt> directory. However, this may not be allowed in

your environment. If you can only install code into your home

directory, that's OK. In the instructions above, replace

<tt>--prefix=/usr/local</tt> with <tt>--prefix=$HOME</tt> (and

<a href='javascript:unfoldinstrux(1)'>click here</a> to update the

instructions further). You will also need to change your <tt>PATH</tt>

and <tt>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</tt> (Linux) or <tt>DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH</tt> (Mac

OS X) environment variables, to inform your shell where to find the

tools. For example:

export PATH=$HOME/bin:$PATH

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

</pre>

Enter these lines in your <tt>~/.bashrc</tt> file so you don't need

to type them every time you log in.</dd>

</dl>

<dl>

<dt>Q. My build fails with an inscrutable message about "library not

found".</dt>

<dd>A. You need to set your <tt>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</tt> (Linux) or

<tt>DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH</tt> (Mac OS X) environment variable to

include the libraries you built; see above. The environment

variable must include the <tt>PREFIX/lib</tt> directory (for

instance, <tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>).</dd>

</dl>

<h2 id="qemu">QEMU Emulator</h2>

<a href="http://www.nongnu.org/qemu/">QEMU</a> is a modern and fast

PC emulator. QEMU version 1.7.0 is set up on Athena for x86 machines

in the 6.828 locker (<tt>add -f 6.828</tt>)

Unfortunately, QEMU's debugging facilities, while powerful, are

somewhat immature, so we highly recommend you use our patched version

of QEMU instead of the stock version that may come with your

distribution. The version installed on Athena is already patched.

To build your own patched version of QEMU:

<!-- Note to staff:

Some of the QEMU patches were applied upstream and should appear

in releases post-0.15.

-->

<ol>

<li> Clone the IAP 6.828 QEMU git repository

<code>git clone https://github.com/geofft/qemu.git -b 6.828-1.7.0</code></li>

<li> On Linux, you may need to install the SDL development libraries to

get a graphical VGA window. On Debian/Ubuntu, this is the

libsdl1.2-dev package.</li>

<li> Configure the source code

<ol>

<li>Linux:

<code>./configure --disable-kvm [--prefix=PFX] [--target-list="i386-softmmu x86_64-softmmu"]</code></li>

<li>OS X:

<code>./configure --disable-kvm --disable-sdl [--prefix=PFX] [--target-list="i386-softmmu x86_64-softmmu"]</code>

The <code>prefix</code> argument specifies where to install QEMU; without it

QEMU will install to <code>/usr/local</code> by default. The <code>target-list</code>

argument simply slims down the architectures QEMU will build support

for.</li>

</ol></li>

<li> Run <code>make && make install</code></li>

</ol>

<hr>

Questions or comments regarding 6.828? Send e-mail to the TAs at

HREF="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</A>.

<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/"><img

alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0"

src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/3.0/us/88x31.png" ></a> <A HREF="#top">Top</A> //

<A HREF="index.html">6.828 home</A> //

Last updated Monday, 15-Sep-2014 07:40:33 EDT

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