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</aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="more-undefined-behaviors-in-c"><a href="#more-undefined-behaviors-in-c" class="header-anchor">#</a> More undefined behaviors in C++</h1> <p>More examples on how C++ can go wrong.</p> <p>Continuation from <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/documentation/c%2b%2b/1812/undefined-behavior#t=201705050731006995217" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Undefined Behavior<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <h2 id="referring-to-non-static-members-in-initializer-lists"><a href="#referring-to-non-static-members-in-initializer-lists" class="header-anchor">#</a> Referring to non-static members in initializer lists</h2> <p>Referring to non-static members in initializer lists before the constructor has started executing can result in undefined behavior. This results since not all members are constructed at this time. From the standard draft:</p> <blockquote></blockquote> <p>§12.7.1: For an object with a non-trivial constructor, referring to
any non-static member or base class of the object before the
constructor begins execution results in undefined behavior.</p> <p><strong>Example</strong></p> <div class="language-cpp extra-class"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token class-name">W</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">int</span> j<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token class-name">X</span> <span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token base-clause"><span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">virtual</span> <span class="token class-name">W</span></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token class-name">Y</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
X x<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">Y</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token function">p</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">&</span>x<span class="token punctuation">.</span>j<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token comment">// undefined, x is not yet constructed</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
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