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href="#fluent-programming-style" class="header-anchor">#</a> Fluent programming style</h2> <p>In fluent programming style you return <code>this</code> from fluent (setter) methods that would return nothing in non-fluent programming style.</p> <p>This allows you to chain the different method calls which makes your code shorter and easier to handle for the developers.</p> <p>Consider this non-fluent code:</p> <div class="language-java extra-class"><pre class="language-java"><code><span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">getFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>firstName <span class="token operator">=</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">getLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lastName <span class="token operator">=</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">whoAreYou</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"I am "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> firstName <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token class-name">Person</span> person <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
person<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"John"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
person<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Doe"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>person<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">whoAreYou</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>As the setter methods don't return anything, we need 4 instructions in the <code>main</code>method to instantiate a <code>Person</code> with some data and print it. With a fluent style this code can be changed to:</p> <div class="language-java extra-class"><pre class="language-java"><code><span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">private</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">getFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span> <span class="token function">withFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>firstName <span class="token operator">=</span> firstName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">getLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span> <span class="token function">withLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lastName <span class="token operator">=</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span> <span class="token function">whoAreYou</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"I am "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> firstName <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" "</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> args<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token class-name">System</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">withFirstName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"John"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">withLastName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Doe"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">whoAreYou</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>The idea is to always return some object to enable building of a method call chain and to use method names which reflect natural speaking.
This fluent style makes the code more readable.</p> <h2 id="truth-fluent-testing-framework"><a href="#truth-fluent-testing-framework" class="header-anchor">#</a> Truth - Fluent Testing Framework</h2> <p>From "How to use Truth" <a href="http://google.github.io/truth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://google.github.io/truth/<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <div class="language-java extra-class"><pre class="language-java"><code><span class="token class-name">String</span> string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"awesome"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">assertThat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">startsWith</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"awe"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">assertWithMessage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Without me, it's just aweso"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">that</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">contains</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"me"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token class-name">Iterable</span><span class="token generics"><span class="token punctuation"><</span><span class="token class-name">Color</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span> googleColors <span class="token operator">=</span> googleLogo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getColors</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">assertThat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>googleColors<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">containsExactly</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>BLUE<span class="token punctuation">,</span> RED<span class="token punctuation">,</span> YELLOW<span class="token punctuation">,</span> BLUE<span class="token punctuation">,</span> GREEN<span class="token punctuation">,</span> RED<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">inOrder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</code></pre></div><h4 id="remarks"><a href="#remarks" class="header-anchor">#</a> Remarks</h4> <p><strong>Goals</strong></p> <p>The primary goal of a Fluent Interface is increased readability.</p> <p>When used for constructing objects, the choices available to the caller can be made clearly and enforced via compile-time checks. For example, consider the following tree of options representing steps along the path to construct some complex object:</p> <div class="language-java extra-class"><pre class="language-java"><code><span class="token class-name">A</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">B</span>
<span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">C</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">D</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">Done</span>
<span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">E</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">Done</span>
<span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">F</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">Done</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
<span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">G</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">H</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">I</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token class-name">Done</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
</code></pre></div><p>A builder using a fluent interface would allow the caller to easily see what options are available at each step. For example, <strong>A -> B</strong> is possible, but <strong>A -> C</strong> is not and would result in a compile-time error.</p></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/devtut/generate/edit/master/docs/java/fluent-interface.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Edit this page on GitHub</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <!----></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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