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Python</a></li><li><a href="/python/python-anti-patterns.html" class="sidebar-link">Python Anti-Patterns</a></li><li><a href="/python/common-pitfalls.html" class="sidebar-link">Common Pitfalls</a></li><li><a href="/python/hidden-features.html" class="sidebar-link">Hidden Features</a></li><li><a href="/python/date-formatting.html" class="sidebar-link">Date Formatting</a></li><li><a href="/python/ijson.html" class="sidebar-link">ijson</a></li><li><a href="/python/django.html" class="sidebar-link">Django</a></li><li><a href="/python/code-blocks-execution-frames-and-namespaces.html" class="sidebar-link">Code blocks, execution frames, and namespaces</a></li><li><a href="/python/contributors.html" class="sidebar-link">The Contributors</a></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="indentation"><a href="#indentation" class="header-anchor">#</a> Indentation</h1> <h2 id="simple-example"><a href="#simple-example" class="header-anchor">#</a> Simple example</h2> <p>For Python, Guido van Rossum based the grouping of statements on indentation. The reasons for this are explained in <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/design.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the first section of the "Design and History Python FAQ"<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>. Colons, <code>:</code>, are used to <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/design.html#why-are-colons-required-for-the-if-while-def-class-statements" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">declare an indented code block<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>, such as the following example:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">ExampleClass</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment">#Every function belonging to a class must be indented equally</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">__init__</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
name <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"example"</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">someFunction</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment">#Notice everything belonging to a function must be indented</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> a <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span>
<span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">False</span>
<span class="token comment">#If a function is not indented to the same level it will not be considers as part of the parent class</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">separateFunction</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> b<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment">#Loops are also indented and nested conditions start a new indentation</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> i <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">False</span>
separateFunction<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="spaces-or-tabs"><a href="#spaces-or-tabs" class="header-anchor">#</a> Spaces or Tabs?</h3> <p>The recommended <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#tabs-or-spaces" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">indentation is 4 spaces<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a> but tabs or spaces can be used so long as they are consistent. <strong><strong>Do not mix tabs and spaces in Python</strong></strong> as this will cause an error in Python 3 and can causes errors in <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2034517/pythons-interpretation-of-tabs-and-spaces-to-indent/25471702#25471702" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Python 2<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>.</p> <h2 id="how-indentation-is-parsed"><a href="#how-indentation-is-parsed" class="header-anchor">#</a> How Indentation is Parsed</h2> <p>Whitespace is handled by the lexical analyzer before being parsed.</p> <p>The lexical analyzer uses a stack to store indentation levels. At the beginning, the stack contains just the value 0, which is the leftmost position. Whenever a nested block begins, the new indentation level is pushed on the stack, and an "INDENT" token is inserted into the token stream which is passed to the parser. There can never be more than one "INDENT" token in a row (<code>IndentationError</code>).</p> <p>When a line is encountered with a smaller indentation level, values are popped from the stack until a value is on top which is equal to the new indentation level (if none is found, a syntax error occurs). For each value popped, a "DEDENT" token is generated. Obviously, there can be multiple "DEDENT" tokens in a row.</p> <p>The lexical analyzer skips empty lines (those containing only whitespace and possibly comments), and will never generate either "INDENT" or "DEDENT" tokens for them.</p> <p>At the end of the source code, "DEDENT" tokens are generated for each indentation level left on the stack, until just the 0 is left.</p> <p>For example:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">if</span> foo<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> bar<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">42</span>
<span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> foo
</code></pre></div><p>is analyzed as:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>foo<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator"><</span>INDENT<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>bar<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator"><</span>INDENT<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>x<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token number">42</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator"><</span>DEDENT<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>DEDENT<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator"><</span>INDENT<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>foo<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator"><</span>DEDENT<span class="token operator">></span>
</code></pre></div><p>The parser than handles the "INDENT" and "DEDENT" tokens as block delimiters.</p> <h2 id="indentation-errors"><a href="#indentation-errors" class="header-anchor">#</a> Indentation Errors</h2> <p>The spacing should be even and uniform throughout. Improper indentation can cause an <code>IndentationError</code> or cause the program to do something unexpected. The following example raises an <code>IndentationError</code>:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">7</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> a <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token string">"foo"</span>
<span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token string">"done"</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Or if the line following a colon is not indented, an <code>IndentationError</code> will also be raised:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token string">"true"</span>
</code></pre></div><p>If you add indentation where it doesn't belong, an <code>IndentationError</code> will be raised:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">6</span>
b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
</code></pre></div><p>If you forget to un-indent functionality could be lost. In this example <code>None</code> is returned instead of the expected <code>False</code>:</p> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">isEven</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> a<span class="token operator">%</span><span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span>
<span class="token comment">#this next line should be even with the if</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">False</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> isEven<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/devtut/generate/edit/master/docs/python/indentation.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Edit this page on GitHub</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <!----></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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