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Chapter 19
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‎Ch19/basic_warning.py‎

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import warnings
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thumbs = "pricking"
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if thumbs == "pricking":
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warnings.warn("Something wicked this way comes.", FutureWarning)
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with open('locks.txt', 'w') as file:
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file.write("Whoever knocks")

‎Ch19/empty.txt‎

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‎Ch19/letter_counter/__init__.py‎

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‎Ch19/letter_counter/__main__.py‎

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import pathlib
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import argparse
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import logging
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from letter_counter.common import scrub_string
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from letter_counter.letters import most_common_consonant, most_common_vowel
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logger = logging.getLogger('letter_counter')
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stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
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logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
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parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Find which letters appear most.")
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parser.add_argument("-v", help="Show all messages.", action="store_true")
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parser.add_argument("raw_path", metavar="P", type=str, help="The file to read.")
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def main():
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args = parser.parse_args()
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if args.v:
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logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
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else:
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logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
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path = pathlib.Path(args.raw_path).resolve()
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logger.info(f"Opening {path}")
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if not path.exists():
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logger.warning("File does not exist.")
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return
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with path.open('r') as file:
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string = scrub_string(file.read())
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print(f"Most common vowel: {most_common_vowel(string)}")
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print(f"Most common consonant: {most_common_consonant(string)}")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()

‎Ch19/letter_counter/common.py‎

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import logging
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logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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def scrub_string(string):
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string = string.lower()
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string = ''.join(filter(str.isalpha, string))
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logger.debug(f"{len(string)} letters detected.")
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return string

‎Ch19/letter_counter/letters.py‎

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import logging
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from collections import defaultdict
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logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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consonants = 'bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz'
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vowels = 'aeiou'
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def count_letters(string, letter_set):
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counts = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
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for ch in string:
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if ch in letter_set:
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counts[ch] += 1
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return counts
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def most_common_consonant(string):
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if not len(string):
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logger.info("No consonants in empty string.")
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return ""
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counts = count_letters(string, consonants)
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return max(counts, key=counts.get).upper()
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def most_common_vowel(string):
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if not len(string):
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logger.info("No vowels in empty string.")
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return ""
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counts = count_letters(string, vowels)
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return max(counts, key=counts.get).upper()

‎Ch19/magic_calculator.py‎

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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import ast
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equation = input("Enter an equation: ")
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result = ast.literal_eval(equation)
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print(f"{equation} = {result}")

‎Ch19/segfault.py‎

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import ctypes
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import faulthandler; faulthandler.enable()
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ctypes.memset(0, 254, 1)

‎Ch19/train_timetable.py‎

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from datetime import time
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def get_timetable(train):
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# Pretend this gets data from a server.
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return [
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{"station": "target_field", "arrives": time(hour=16, minute=27)},
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{"station": "fridley", "arrives": time(hour=16, minute=41)},
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{"station": "coon_rapids_fridley", "arrives": time(hour=16, minute=50)},
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{"station": "anoka", "arrives": time(hour=16, minute=54)},
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{"station": "ramsey", "arrives": time(hour=16, minute=59)},
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{"station": "elk_river", "arrives": time(hour=17, minute=4)},
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{"station": "big_lake", "arrives": time(hour=17, minute=17)},
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]
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def next_station(now, timetable):
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"""Return the name of the next station."""
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station = None
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for stop in timetable:
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if stop['arrives'] > now:
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station = stop
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break
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station['station'] = station['station'].replace('_', ' ').title()
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return station
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def arrives_at(station, timetable):
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for stop in timetable:
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if station == stop['station']:
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return stop
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timetable = get_timetable('nstar_northbound')
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station = next_station(time(hour=16, minute=43), timetable)
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print(f"Next station is {station['station']}.")
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stop = arrives_at('coon_rapids_fridley', timetable)
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print(f"Arrives at {stop['arrives']}.")

‎Ch19/vinyl_collector.py‎

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THICKNESS = 0.125 # must be a positive number
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assert THICKNESS > 0, "Vinyl must have a positive thickness!"
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def fit_records(width, shelves):
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records_per_shelf = width / THICKNESS
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records = records_per_shelf * shelves
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return int(records)
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def get_number(prompt):
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while True:
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value = input(prompt)
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try:
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value = int(value)
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except ValueError:
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print("You must enter a whole number.")
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continue
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if value <= 0:
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print("You must enter a positive number.")
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continue
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return value
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def main():
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width = get_number("What is the bookcase shelf width (in inches)? ")
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print("How many shelves are...")
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shelves_lp = get_number(" 12+ inches high? ")
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shelves_78 = get_number(" 10-11.5 inches high? ")
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shelves_single = get_number(" 7-9.5 inches high? ")
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records_lp = fit_records(width, shelves_lp)
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records_single = fit_records(width, shelves_single)
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records_78 = fit_records(width, shelves_78)
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print(f"You can fit {records_lp}, "
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f"{records_single} singles, and "
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f"{records_78} 78s.")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()

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