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Chapter 15
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‎Ch15/arbitrary.py‎

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from multiprocessing.sharedctypes import Value
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from typing import Type
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with open('input.dat', 'r') as file:
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nums = [value.strip() for value in file if value]
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for num in nums:
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expression = f"{num} // 2 + 2"
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try:
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answer = eval(expression)
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except (NameError, ValueError, TypeError, SyntaxError) as e:
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print(e)
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finally:
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code = "print('The answer is', answer)"
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obj = compile(code, '<string>', mode='exec')
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exec(obj)

‎Ch15/bad_function_attribute.py‎

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def skit():
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print(skit.actor)
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skit.actor = "John Cleese"
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skit() # prints "John Cleese"
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sketch = skit
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sketch() # prints "John Cleese"
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sketch.actor = "Eric Idle"
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sketch() # prints "Eric Idle"
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skit() # prints "Eric Idle"...yikes!

‎Ch15/book_club.py‎

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import re
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class Book:
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pattern = re.compile(r'(.+)\((\d+)\)\. (.+)\. (.+)\..*')
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def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
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self.name = name
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def attr(self, attr):
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return f"{self.name}.{attr}"
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def __set__(self, instance, value):
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matches = self.pattern.match(value)
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if not matches:
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raise ValueError("Book data must be specified in APA 7 format.")
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setattr(instance, self.attr('author'), matches.group(1))
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setattr(instance, self.attr('year'), matches.group(2))
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setattr(instance, self.attr('title'), matches.group(3))
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setattr(instance, self.attr('publisher'), matches.group(4))
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def __get__(self, instance, owner=None):
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try:
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title = getattr(instance, self.attr('title'))
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author = getattr(instance, self.attr('author'))
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except AttributeError:
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return "nothing right now"
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return f"{title} by {author}"
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def __delete__(self, instance):
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delattr(instance, self.attr('author'))
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delattr(instance, self.attr('year'))
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delattr(instance, self.attr('title'))
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delattr(instance, self.attr('publisher'))
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class BookClub:
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reading = Book()
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reading_next = Book()
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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self.members = []
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def new_member(self, member):
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self.members.append(member)
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print(
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"===== - - - - - - - - - =====",
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f"Welcome to the {self.name} Book Club, {member}!",
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f"We are reading {self.reading}",
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"===== - - - - - - - - - =====",
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sep='\n'
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)
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mystery_lovers = BookClub("Mystery Lovers")
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lattes_and_lit = BookClub("Lattes and Lit")
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mystery_lovers.reading = (
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"McDonald, J.C. (2019). "
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"Noah Clue, P.I. AJ Charleson Publishing."
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)
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lattes_and_lit.reading = (
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"Christie, A. (1926). "
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"The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. William Collins & Sons."
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)
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print(mystery_lovers.reading) # prints "'The Murder of Roger Ackroyd..."
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print(lattes_and_lit.reading) # prints "'The Murder of Roger Ackroyd..."
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del lattes_and_lit.reading
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lattes_and_lit.new_member("Jaime")
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lattes_and_lit.reading = (
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"Hillerman, T. (1973). "
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"Dance Hall Of The Dead. Harper and Row."
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)
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lattes_and_lit.new_member("Danny")
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mystery_lovers.reading = (
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"McDonald, J.C. (2019). "
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"Noah Clue, P.I. AJ Charleson Publishing."
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)
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mystery_lovers.reading_next = (
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"Chesterton, G.K. (1911). The Innocence of Father Brown. "
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"Cassell and Company, Ltd."
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)
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print(f"Now: {mystery_lovers.reading}")
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print(f"Next: {mystery_lovers.reading_next}")
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import pprint
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pprint.pprint(dir(mystery_lovers))

‎Ch15/element.py‎

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class Element:
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__slots__ = (
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'name',
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'number',
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'symbol',
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'family',
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'iupac_num',
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'__dict__',
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'__weakref__'
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)
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def __init__(self, symbol, number, name, family, numeration):
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self.symbol = symbol.title()
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self.number = number
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self.name = name.lower()
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self.family = family.lower()
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self.iupac_num = numeration
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def __str__(self):
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return f"{self.symbol} ({self.name}): {self.number}"
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oxygen = Element('O', 8, 'oxygen', 'non-metals', 16)
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iron = Element('Fe', 26, 'iron', 'transition metal', 8)
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print(oxygen) # prints 'O (Oxygen): 8'
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print(iron) # prints 'Fe (Iron): 26'
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iron.atomic_mass = 55.845

‎Ch15/element_generic.py‎

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from functools import singledispatchmethod
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from typing import overload
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class Element:
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__slots__ = (
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'name',
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'number',
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'symbol',
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'__weakref__',
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)
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def __init__(self, symbol, number, name):
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self.symbol = symbol.title()
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self.number = number
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self.name = name.lower()
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def __repr__(self):
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return f"{self.symbol} ({self.name}): {self.number}"
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def __str__(self):
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return self.symbol
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def __hash__(self):
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return hash(self.symbol)
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@singledispatchmethod
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def __eq__(self, other):
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return self.symbol == other.symbol
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@__eq__.register
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def _(self, other: str):
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return self.symbol == other
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@overload
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def _(self, other: float):
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...
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@__eq__.register
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def _(self, other: int):
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return self.number == other
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@singledispatchmethod
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def __lt__(self, other):
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return self.symbol < other.symbol
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@__lt__.register(str)
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def _(self, other):
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return self.symbol < other
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@__lt__.register(int)
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@__lt__.register(float)
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def _(self, other):
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return self.number < other
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@singledispatchmethod
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def __le__(self, other):
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return self.symbol <= other.symbol
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__le__.register(str, lambda self, other: self.symbol <= other)
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__le__.register(int, lambda self, other: self.number <= other)
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__le__.register(float, lambda self, other: self.number <= other)
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def __selfattr__(self, name, value):
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if hasattr(self, name):
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raise AttributeError(
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f"'{type(self)}' object attribute '{name}' is read-only"
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)
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object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
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def __delattr__(self, name):
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raise AttributeError(
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f"'{type(self)}' object attribute '{name}' is read-only"
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)
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class Compound:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name.title()
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self.components = {}
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def add_element(self, element, count):
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try:
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self.components[element] += count
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except KeyError:
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self.components[element] = count
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def __str__(self):
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s = ""
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formula = self.components.copy()
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# Hill system
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if 'C' in formula.keys():
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s += f"C{formula['C']}"
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del formula['C']
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if 1 in formula.keys():
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s += f"H{formula['H']}"
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del formula['H']
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for element, count in sorted(formula.items()):
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s += f"{element.symbol}{count if count > 1 else ''}"
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# substitute subscript digits for normal digits
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s = s.translate(str.maketrans("0123456789","₀₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈₉"))
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return s
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def __repr__(self):
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return f"{self.name}: {self}"
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hydrogen = Element('H', 6, 'hydrogen')
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carbon = Element('C', 6, 'carbon')
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oxygen = Element('O', 8, 'oxygen')
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iron = Element('Fe', 26, 'iron')
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rust = Compound("iron oxide")
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rust.add_element(oxygen, count=3)
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rust.add_element(iron, count=2)
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print(f"{rust!r}") # prints 'Iron Oxide: Fe₂O₃'
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aspirin = Compound("acetylsalicylic acid")
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aspirin.add_element(hydrogen, 8)
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aspirin.add_element(oxygen, 4)
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aspirin.add_element(carbon, 9)
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print(f"{aspirin!r}") # prints 'Acetylsalicylic Acid: C₉H₈O₄'
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water = Compound("water")
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water.add_element(hydrogen, 2)
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water.add_element(oxygen, 1)
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print(f"{water!r}") # prints 'Water: H₂O'

‎Ch15/element_immutable.py‎

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class Element:
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__slots__ = (
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'name',
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'number',
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'symbol',
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'__weakref__',
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)
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def __init__(self, symbol, number, name):
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self.symbol = symbol.title()
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self.number = number
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self.name = name.lower()
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def __repr__(self):
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return f"{self.symbol} ({self.name}): {self.number}"
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def __str__(self):
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return self.symbol
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def __hash__(self):
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return hash(self.symbol)
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def __eq__(self, other):
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return self.symbol == other.symbol
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def __lt__(self, other):
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return self.symbol < other.symbol
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def __le__(self, other):
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return self.symbol <= other.symbol
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def __selfattr__(self, name, value):
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if hasattr(self, name):
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raise AttributeError(
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f"'{type(self)}' object attribute '{name}' is read-only"
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)
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object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
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def __delattr__(self, name):
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raise AttributeError(
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f"'{type(self)}' object attribute '{name}' is read-only"
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)
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oxygen = Element('O', 8, 'oxygen')
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iron = Element('Fe', 26, 'iron')
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print(oxygen) # prints 'O (Oxygen): 8'
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print(f"{iron!r}") # prints 'Fe (Iron): 26'
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iron.atomic_mass = 55.845 # raises AttributeError
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iron.symbol = "Ir" # raises AttributeError
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del iron.symbol # raises AttributeError

‎Ch15/function_attribute.py‎

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def multiplier(n):
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if not hasattr(multiplier, 'factor'):
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multiplier.factor = 0
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print(n * multiplier.factor)
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multiplier(2) # prints 0
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print(multiplier.__dict__) # prints {}
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multiplier.factor = 3
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print(multiplier.__dict__) # prints {'factor': 3}
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multiplier(2) # prints 6

‎Ch15/input.dat‎

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40
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(30 + 7)
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9 * 3
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0xAA & 0xBB
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80
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exec('import os') or os.system('echo \"`whoami` is DOOMED\"') == 0 or 1

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