.. _whats-new-2-1-0:

New in Matplotlib 2.1.0
=======================

Documentation
+++++++++++++

The examples have been migrated to use `sphinx gallery
<https://sphinx-gallery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`__.  This allows
better mixing of prose and code in the examples, provides links to
download the examples as both a Python script and a Jupyter notebook,
and improves the thumbnail galleries.  The examples have been
re-organized into :ref:`tutorials` and a :ref:`gallery`.

Many docstrings and examples have been clarified and improved.


New features
++++++++++++

String categorical values
-------------------------

All plotting functions now support string categorical values as input.
For example:

.. plot::
   :include-source:
   :align: center

   data = {'apples': 10, 'oranges': 15, 'lemons': 5, 'limes': 20}
   fig, ax = plt.subplots()
   ax.bar(data.keys(), data.values(), color='lightgray')


Interactive JS widgets for animation
------------------------------------

Jake Vanderplas' JSAnimation package has been merged into Matplotlib. This
adds to Matplotlib the `~matplotlib.animation.HTMLWriter` class for
generating a JavaScript HTML animation, suitable for the IPython notebook.
This can be activated by default by setting the ``animation.html`` rc
parameter to ``jshtml``. One can also call the
`~matplotlib.animation.Animation.to_jshtml` method to manually convert an
animation. This can be displayed using IPython's ``HTML`` display class::

    from IPython.display import HTML
    HTML(animation.to_jshtml())

The `~matplotlib.animation.HTMLWriter` class can also be used to generate
an HTML file by asking for the ``html`` writer.


Enhancements to polar plot
--------------------------

The polar axes transforms have been greatly re-factored to allow for more
customization of view limits and tick labelling. Additional options for view
limits allow for creating an annulus, a sector, or some combination of the two.

The :meth:`~matplotlib.projections.polar.PolarAxes.set_rorigin` method may
be used to provide an offset to the minimum plotting radius, producing an
annulus.

The :meth:`~matplotlib.projections.polar.PolarAxes.set_theta_zero_location`
method now has an optional :code:`offset` argument. This argument may be used
to further specify the zero location based on the given anchor point.

.. figure:: /gallery/pie_and_polar_charts/images/sphx_glr_polar_scatter_002.png
   :target: ../../gallery/pie_and_polar_charts/polar_scatter.html#scatter-plot-on-polar-axis-with-offset-origin
   :align: center
   :scale: 70

   Polar Offset Demo

The :meth:`~matplotlib.projections.polar.PolarAxes.set_thetamin` and
:meth:`~matplotlib.projections.polar.PolarAxes.set_thetamax` methods may
be used to limit the range of angles plotted, producing sectors of a circle.

.. figure:: /gallery/pie_and_polar_charts/images/sphx_glr_polar_scatter_003.png
   :target: ../../gallery/pie_and_polar_charts/polar_scatter.html#scatter-plot-on-polar-axis-confined-to-a-sector
   :align: center
   :scale: 70

   Polar Sector Demo

Previous releases allowed plots containing negative radii for which the
negative values are simply used as labels, and the real radius is shifted by
the configured minimum. This release also allows negative radii to be used for
grids and ticks, which were previously silently ignored.

Radial ticks have been modified to be parallel to the circular grid line, and
angular ticks have been modified to be parallel to the grid line. It may also
be useful to rotate tick *labels* to match the boundary. Calling
``ax.tick_params(rotation='auto')`` will enable the new behavior: radial tick
labels will be parallel to the circular grid line, and angular tick labels will
be perpendicular to the grid line (i.e., parallel to the outer boundary).
Additionally, tick labels now obey the padding settings that previously only
worked on Cartesian plots. Consequently, the ``frac`` argument to
`.PolarAxes.set_thetagrids` is no longer applied. Tick padding can be modified
with the ``pad`` argument to `.Axes.tick_params` or `.Axis.set_tick_params`.


``Figure`` class now has ``subplots`` method
--------------------------------------------

The :class:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure` class now has a
:meth:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure.subplots` method which behaves the same as
:func:`.pyplot.subplots` but on an existing figure.


Metadata savefig keyword argument
---------------------------------

:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.savefig` now accepts ``metadata`` as a keyword
argument. It can be used to store key/value pairs in the image metadata.


* 'png' with Agg backend
* 'pdf' with PDF backend (see
  :func:`~matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf.PdfFile.writeInfoDict` for a list of
  supported keywords)
* 'eps' and 'ps' with PS backend (only 'Creator' key is accepted)

::

    plt.savefig('test.png', metadata={'Software': 'My awesome software'})


Busy Cursor
-----------

The interactive GUI backends will now change the cursor to busy when
Matplotlib is rendering the canvas.

PolygonSelector
---------------

A :class:`~matplotlib.widgets.PolygonSelector` class has been added to
:mod:`matplotlib.widgets`.  See
:doc:`/gallery/widgets/polygon_selector_demo` for details.


Added `matplotlib.ticker.PercentFormatter`
------------------------------------------

The new `~matplotlib.ticker.PercentFormatter` formatter has some nice
features like being able to convert from arbitrary data scales to
percents, a customizable percent symbol and either automatic or manual
control over the decimal points.


Reproducible PS, PDF and SVG output
-----------------------------------

The ``SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`` environment variable can now be used to set
the timestamp value in the PS and PDF outputs. See `source date epoch
<https://reproducible-builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/>`__.

Alternatively, calling ``savefig`` with ``metadata={'CreationDate': None}``
will omit the timestamp altogether for the PDF backend.

The reproducibility of the output from the PS and PDF backends has so
far been tested using various plot elements but only default values of
options such as ``{ps,pdf}.fonttype`` that can affect the output at a
low level, and not with the mathtext or usetex features. When
Matplotlib calls external tools (such as PS distillers or LaTeX) their
versions need to be kept constant for reproducibility, and they may
add sources of nondeterminism outside the control of Matplotlib.

For SVG output, the ``svg.hashsalt`` rc parameter has been added in an
earlier release. This parameter changes some random identifiers in the
SVG file to be deterministic. The downside of this setting is that if
more than one file is generated using deterministic identifiers
and they end up as parts of one larger document, the identifiers can
collide and cause the different parts to affect each other.

These features are now enabled in the tests for the PDF and SVG
backends, so most test output files (but not all of them) are now
deterministic.

Orthographic projection for mplot3d
-----------------------------------
:class:`~mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D` now accepts ``proj_type`` keyword
argument and has a method :meth:`~mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D.set_proj_type`.
The default option is ``'persp'`` as before, and supplying ``'ortho'`` enables
orthographic view.

Compare the z-axis which is vertical in orthographic view, but slightly skewed
in the perspective view.

.. plot::
    :include-source:
    :align: center

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4, 6))
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2, 1, 1, projection='3d')
    ax1.set_proj_type('persp')
    ax1.set_title('Perspective (default)')

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(2, 1, 2, projection='3d')
    ax2.set_proj_type('ortho')
    ax2.set_title('Orthographic')

    plt.show()


``voxels`` function for mplot3d
-------------------------------
:class:`~mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D` now has a
`~mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D.voxels` method, for visualizing boolean 3D
data. Uses could include plotting a sparse 3D heat map, or visualizing a
volumetric model.

.. figure:: /gallery/mplot3d/images/sphx_glr_voxels_numpy_logo_001.png
   :target: ../../gallery/mplot3d/voxels_numpy_logo.html
   :align: center
   :scale: 70

   Voxel Demo


Improvements
++++++++++++

CheckButtons widget ``get_status`` function
-------------------------------------------

A :func:`~matplotlib.widgets.CheckButtons.get_status` method has been added to
the :class:`matplotlib.widgets.CheckButtons` class. This ``get_status`` method
allows user to query the status (True/False) of all of the buttons in the
``CheckButtons`` object.


Add ``fill_bar`` argument to ``AnchoredSizeBar``
------------------------------------------------

The ``mpl_toolkits`` class
:class:`~mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1.anchored_artists.AnchoredSizeBar` now has an
additional ``fill_bar`` argument, which makes the size bar a solid rectangle
instead of just drawing the border of the rectangle. The default is ``None``,
and whether or not the bar will be filled by default depends on the value of
``size_vertical``. If ``size_vertical`` is nonzero, ``fill_bar`` will be set to
``True``. If ``size_vertical`` is zero then ``fill_bar`` will be set to
``False``. If you wish to override this default behavior, set ``fill_bar`` to
``True`` or ``False`` to unconditionally always or never use a filled patch
rectangle for the size bar.


.. plot::
    :include-source:
    :align: center

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1.anchored_artists import AnchoredSizeBar

    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3, 3))

    bar0 = AnchoredSizeBar(ax.transData, 0.3, 'unfilled', loc=3, frameon=False,
                           size_vertical=0.05, fill_bar=False)
    ax.add_artist(bar0)
    bar1 = AnchoredSizeBar(ax.transData, 0.3, 'filled', loc=4, frameon=False,
                           size_vertical=0.05, fill_bar=True)
    ax.add_artist(bar1)

    plt.show()

Annotation can use a default arrow style
----------------------------------------

Annotations now use the default arrow style when setting ``arrowprops={}``,
rather than no arrow (the new behavior actually matches the documentation).

Barbs and Quiver Support Dates
------------------------------

When using the :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.quiver` and
:func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.barbs` plotting methods, it is now possible to
pass dates, just like for other methods like :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot`.
This also allows these functions to handle values that need unit-conversion
applied.


Hexbin default line color
-------------------------

The default ``linecolor`` keyword argument for :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.hexbin`
is now ``'face'``, and supplying ``'none'`` now prevents lines from being drawn
around the hexagons.

Figure.legend() can be called without arguments
-----------------------------------------------

Calling :meth:`.Figure.legend` can now be done with no arguments. In this case
a legend will be created that contains all the artists on all the axes
contained within the figure.

Multiple legend keys for legend entries
---------------------------------------

A legend entry can now contain more than one legend key. The extended
`~matplotlib.legend_handler.HandlerTuple` class now accepts two parameters:
``ndivide`` divides the legend area in the specified number of sections;
``pad`` changes the padding between the legend keys.

.. figure:: /gallery/text_labels_and_annotations/images/sphx_glr_legend_demo_004.png
   :target: ../../gallery/text_labels_and_annotations/legend_demo.html
   :align: center
   :scale: 70

   Multiple Legend Keys


New parameter `clear` for :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`
-----------------------------------------------------------

When the pyplot's function :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure` is called
with a ``num`` parameter, a new window is only created if no existing
window with the same value exists. A new bool parameter `clear` was
added for explicitly clearing its existing contents. This is particularly
useful when utilized in interactive sessions. Since
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplots` also accepts keyword arguments
from :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`, it can also be used there::

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

   fig0 = plt.figure(num=1)
   fig0.suptitle("A fancy plot")
   print("fig0.texts: ", [t.get_text() for t in fig0.texts])

   fig1 = plt.figure(num=1, clear=False)  # do not clear contents of window
   fig1.text(0.5, 0.5, "Really fancy!")
   print("fig0 is fig1: ",  fig0 is fig1)
   print("fig1.texts: ", [t.get_text() for t in fig1.texts])

   fig2, ax2 = plt.subplots(2, 1, num=1, clear=True)  # clear contents
   print("fig0 is fig2: ",  fig0 is fig2)
   print("fig2.texts: ", [t.get_text() for t in fig2.texts])

   # The output:
   # fig0.texts:  ['A fancy plot']
   # fig0 is fig1:  True
   # fig1.texts:  ['A fancy plot', 'Really fancy!']
   # fig0 is fig2:  True
   # fig2.texts:  []


Specify minimum value to format as scalar for ``LogFormatterMathtext``
----------------------------------------------------------------------

:class:`~matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatterMathtext` now includes the
option to specify a minimum value exponent to format as a scalar
(i.e., 0.001 instead of 10\ :sup:`-3`).


New quiverkey angle keyword argument
------------------------------------

Plotting a :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.quiverkey` now admits the
``angle`` keyword argument, which sets the angle at which to draw the
key arrow.

Colormap reversed method
------------------------

The methods :meth:`matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap.reversed` and
:meth:`matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap.reversed` return a reversed
instance of the Colormap. This implements a way for any Colormap to be
reversed.


`Artist.setp` (and `pyplot.setp`) accept a ``file`` argument
------------------------------------------------------------

The argument is keyword-only. It allows an output file other than
`sys.stdout` to be specified. It works exactly like the ``file`` argument
to `print`.


``streamplot`` streamline generation more configurable
------------------------------------------------------

The starting point, direction, and length of the stream lines can now
be configured.  This allows to follow the vector field for a longer
time and can enhance the visibility of the flow pattern in some use
cases.


`Axis.set_tick_params` now responds to ``rotation``
---------------------------------------------------

Bulk setting of tick label rotation is now possible via
:func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.tick_params` using the ``rotation``
keyword.

::

    ax.tick_params(which='both', rotation=90)


Ticklabels are turned off instead of being invisible
----------------------------------------------------

Internally, the `Tick`'s :func:`~matplotlib.axis.Tick.label1On` attribute
is now used to hide tick labels instead of setting the visibility on the tick
label objects.
This improves overall performance and fixes some issues.
As a consequence, in case those labels ought to be shown,
:func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.tick_params`
needs to be used, e.g.

::

    ax.tick_params(labelbottom=True)


Shading in 3D bar plots
-----------------------

A new ``shade`` parameter has been added the 3D
`~mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D.bar` plotting method. The default behavior
remains to shade the bars, but now users have the option of setting ``shade``
to ``False``.


.. plot::
    :include-source:
    :align: center

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

    x = np.arange(2)
    y = np.arange(3)
    x2d, y2d = np.meshgrid(x, y)
    x, y = x2d.ravel(), y2d.ravel()
    z = np.zeros_like(x)
    dz = x + y

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4, 6))
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2, 1, 1, projection='3d')
    ax1.bar3d(x, y, z, 1, 1, dz, shade=True)
    ax1.set_title('Shading On')

    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(2, 1, 2, projection='3d')
    ax2.bar3d(x, y, z, 1, 1, dz, shade=False)
    ax2.set_title('Shading Off')

    plt.show()


New ``which`` Parameter for ``autofmt_xdate``
---------------------------------------------

A ``which`` parameter now exists for the method
:func:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure.autofmt_xdate`. This allows a user to format
``major``, ``minor`` or ``both`` tick labels selectively. The
default behavior will rotate and align the ``major`` tick labels.


::

    fig.autofmt_xdate(bottom=0.2, rotation=30, ha='right', which='minor')


New Figure Parameter for ``subplot2grid``
-----------------------------------------

A ``fig`` parameter now exists for the function
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplot2grid`. This allows a user to specify the
figure where the subplots will be created. If ``fig`` is ``None`` (default)
then the method will use the current figure retrieved by
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.gcf`.


::

    subplot2grid(shape, loc, rowspan=1, colspan=1, fig=myfig)


Interpolation in ``fill_betweenx``
----------------------------------

The ``interpolate`` parameter now exists for the method
:func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.fill_betweenx`. This allows a user to
interpolate the data and fill the areas in the crossover points,
similarly to :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.fill_between`.


New keyword argument ``sep`` for EngFormatter
---------------------------------------------

A new ``sep`` keyword argument has been added to
:class:`~matplotlib.ticker.EngFormatter` and provides a means to
define the string that will be used between the value and its
unit. The default string is ``" "``, which preserves the former
behavior. Additionally, the separator is now present between the value
and its unit even in the absence of SI prefix.  There was formerly a
bug that was causing strings like ``"3.14V"`` to be returned instead of
the expected ``"3.14 V"`` (with the default behavior).

Extend ``MATPLOTLIBRC`` behavior
--------------------------------

The environmental variable can now specify the full file path or the
path to a directory containing a :file:`matplotlibrc` file.


``density`` kwarg to hist
-------------------------

The :meth:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.hist` method now prefers ``density``
to ``normed`` to control if the histogram should be normalized,
following a change upstream to NumPy.  This will reduce confusion as
the behavior has always been that the integral of the histogram is 1
(rather than sum or maximum value).



Internals
+++++++++

New TransformedPatchPath caching object
---------------------------------------

A newly added :class:`~matplotlib.transforms.TransformedPatchPath` provides a
means to transform a :class:`~matplotlib.patches.Patch` into a
:class:`~matplotlib.path.Path` via a :class:`~matplotlib.transforms.Transform`
while caching the resulting path. If neither the patch nor the transform have
changed, a cached copy of the path is returned.

This class differs from the older
:class:`~matplotlib.transforms.TransformedPath` in that it is able to refresh
itself based on the underlying patch while the older class uses an immutable
path.


Abstract base class for movie writers
-------------------------------------

The new :class:`~matplotlib.animation.AbstractMovieWriter` class defines
the API required by a class that is to be used as the ``writer`` in the
:meth:`matplotlib.animation.Animation.save` method. The existing
:class:`~matplotlib.animation.MovieWriter` class now derives from the new
abstract base class.


Stricter validation of line style rcParams
------------------------------------------

The validation of rcParams that are related to line styles
(``lines.linestyle``, ``boxplot.*.linestyle``, ``grid.linestyle`` and
``contour.negative_linestyle``) now effectively checks that the values
are valid line styles. Strings like ``'dashed'`` or ``'--'`` are
accepted, as well as even-length sequences of on-off ink like ``[1,
1.65]``. In this latter case, the offset value is handled internally
and should *not* be provided by the user.


The new validation scheme replaces the former one used for the
``contour.negative_linestyle`` rcParams, that was limited to
``'solid'`` and ``'dashed'`` line styles.

The validation is case-insensitive.  The following are now valid:

::

    grid.linestyle             : (1, 3)   # loosely dotted grid lines
    contour.negative_linestyle : dashdot  # previously only solid or dashed


pytest
------

The automated tests have been switched from `nose` to `pytest`.

Performance
+++++++++++

Path simplification updates
---------------------------

Line simplification controlled by the ``path.simplify`` and
``path.simplify_threshold`` parameters has been improved. You should
notice better rendering performance when plotting large amounts of
data (as long as the above parameters are set accordingly). Only the
line segment portion of paths will be simplified -- if you are also
drawing markers and experiencing problems with rendering speed, you
should consider using the ``markevery`` option to `~matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot`.
See the :ref:`performance` section in the usage tutorial for more
information.

The simplification works by iteratively merging line segments
into a single vector until the next line segment's perpendicular
distance to the vector (measured in display-coordinate space)
is greater than the ``path.simplify_threshold`` parameter. Thus, higher
values of ``path.simplify_threshold`` result in quicker rendering times.
If you are plotting just to explore data and not for publication quality,
pixel perfect plots, then a value of ``1.0`` can be safely used. If you
want to make sure your plot reflects your data *exactly*, then you should
set ``path.simplify`` to false and/or ``path.simplify_threshold`` to ``0``.
Matplotlib currently defaults to a conservative value of ``1/9``, smaller
values are unlikely to cause any visible differences in your plots.

Implement intersects_bbox in c++
--------------------------------

:meth:`~matplotlib.path.Path.intersects_bbox` has been implemented in
c++ which improves the performance of automatically placing the legend.
