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<meta name="description" content="Full Stack Python shows how an entire Python web application is built and deployed. Each section of the guide explains a different key concept, from the server through the Python WSGI web framework to the front end JavaScript.">
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<h1>Web Frameworks</h1>
<p>A web application framework is a collection of libraries that
provide functionality to accomplish common operations for the web. These
common operations include:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>URL routing</li>
<li>HTML, XML, JSON, and other output format templating</li>
<li>Database manipulation</li>
<li>Security against Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) and other attacks</li>
</ol>
<p>Not all web frameworks include functionality for all of the above
functionality. Frameworks fall somewhere between simply executing a
single use case and attempting to be everything to every developer with
increased complexity.</p>
<p>For example, the Django web application framework includes an
Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) layer that abstracts relational database
read, write, query, and delete operations. However, Django's ORM
does not work (without modification) on non-relational databases such
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.mongodb.org/">MongoDB</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.basho.com/">Riak</a>.
Other web frameworks such as Flask and Pyramid are generally easier to
use with non-relational databases by incorporating external Python libraries.</p>
<div class="section" id="web-framework-logging">
<h2>Web Framework Logging</h2>
<p>Logging is a common mechanism for monitoring web applications written with a
web framework. Runtime exceptions that prevent code from running are
important to log to investigate and fix the source of the problems.
Informational and debugging logging also helps to understand how the
application is performing even if code is working as intended.</p>
<p>Logging is often grouped into several categories:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Information</li>
<li>Debug</li>
<li>Warning</li>
<li>Error</li>
</ol>
<p>Logging errors that occur while a web framework is running is crucial to
understanding how your application is performing.
<a class="reference external" href="http://raven.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Raven</a> is a Python client for the
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/getsentry/sentry">Sentry</a> exception logging and
aggregation application. Raven provides the way to send exceptions to
Sentry, which should be deployed on a separate server from your production
infrastructure. Raven can also be used by Python scripts to send other
log data to Sentry for aggregation. Sentry provides a clean web application
interface for viewing the exceptions. Sentry can also be configured with a
mail plugin to send emails when exceptions occur.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="web-framework-resources">
<h2>Web Framework Resources</h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.djangoproject.com/">Django</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/">Bottle</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.pylonsproject.org/">Pyramid</a>, and
<a class="reference external" href="http://webpy.org/">web.py</a> are the most common Python web frameworks.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://effectivedjango.com/">Effective Django</a> and
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.tangowithdjango.com/book/">Tango with Django</a> are a great free
introductions to using the most popular Python web framework.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://twoscoopspress.org/products/two-scoops-of-django-1-5-e-book-bundle">2 Scoops of Django</a>
by Daniel Greenfield and Audrey Roy is well worth the price of admission if
you're serious about learning how to correctly develop Django websites.</p>
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Next read the
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