| Operator |
Name |
Example |
| == |
Equal |
x == y |
| != |
Not equal |
x != y |
| > |
Greater than |
x > y |
| < |
Less than |
x < y |
| >= |
Greater than or equal to |
x >= y |
| <= |
Less than or equal to |
x <= y |
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| and |
Returns True if both statements are true |
x < 2 and x < 20 |
| or |
Returns True if one of the statements is true |
x < 2 or x < 5 |
| not |
Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true |
not(x < 2 and x < 5) |
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| is |
Returns True if both variables are the same object |
x is y |
| is not |
Returns True if both variables are not the same object |
x is not y |
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
| Operator |
Description |
Example |
| in |
Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object |
x in y |
| not in |
Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object |
x not in y |
Bitwise operators are used to compare binary numbers
| Operator |
Name |
Description |
Example |
| & |
AND |
Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 |
x & y |
| | |
OR |
Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 |
x | y |
| ^ |
XOR |
Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 |
x ^ y |
| ~ |
NOT |
Inverts all the bits |
~x |
| << |
Zero fill left shift |
Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off |
x<< |
| >> |
Signed right shift |
Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off. |
x>> |
a = 10 # 1010 2**3 + 2**1
b = 4 # 0010 2**2
print(f"a = {a:2} in binary is {bin(a)[2:]}")
print(f"b = {b:2} in binary is {bin(b)[2:]}")
print(f"bitwise AND operation: a & b = {a & b}")
print(f"bitwise OR operation: a | b = {a | b}")
print(f"bitwise NOT operation: ~a = {~a}")
print(f"bitwise XOR operation: a^b = {a ^ b}")
print(f'bitwise zero fill left shift a<<0 = {a <<0}')
print(f'bitwise zero fill left shift a<<1 = {a <<1}')
print(f'bitwise zero fill left shift a<<2 = {a <<2}')
print(f'bitwise right shift a>>0 = {a >>0}')
print(f'bitwise right shift a>>1 = {a >>1}')
print(f'bitwise right shift a>>2 = {a >>2}')a = 10 in binary is 1010
b = 4 in binary is 100
bitwise AND operation: a & b = 0
bitwise OR operation: a | b = 14
bitwise NOT operation: ~a = -11
bitwise XOR operation: a^b = 14
bitwise zero fill left shift a<<0 = 10
bitwise zero fill left shift a<<1 = 20
bitwise zero fill left shift a<<2 = 40
bitwise right shift a>>0 = 10
bitwise right shift a>>1 = 5
bitwise right shift a>>2 = 2
Note that
x>>1 is the same as x//2x = 14 then bin(x) is '1110'x = 7 then bin(x) is '111'- 14//2 is 7 which is equivalent to
'1110' right shift which becomes '0111'
- 14//2 is 7 and 7//2 is 3 therefore (14>>1)>>1 is 3
- In this case 3 is in binary 11 which is the same as 1110 with two right bit shifts,
def right_bit_shift(x,n):
return x>>n
def right_bit_shift_conversion(x,n):
return x//(2**n)
def left_bit_shift(x,n):
return x<<n
def left_bit_shift_conversion(x,n):
return x*2**n
print(f'left_bit_shift(7,2)={left_bit_shift(7,2)}')
print(f'left_bit_shift_conversion(7,2)={left_bit_shift_conversion(7,2)}')
print(f'right_bit_shift(14,2)={right_bit_shift(14,2)}')
print(f'right_bit_shift_conversion(14,2)={right_bit_shift_conversion(14,2)}')left_bit_shift(7,2)=28
left_bit_shift_conversion(7,2)=28
right_bit_shift(14,2)=3
right_bit_shift_conversion(14,2)=3
| Operator |
Name |
Description |
| & |
Intersection |
Intersecttion betwwen two sets |
| | |
Union |
Union between two sets |
| ^ |
Diference |
Diference between two sets |
| ^ |
Symmetric Difference |
Symmetric difference between two sets |
A = set([0, 2, 4, 6, 8])
B = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(f"A={A}")
print(f"B={B}")
print("A Union B ---> A | B =", A | B)
print("A Intersection B ---> A & B =", A & B)
print("A Difference B ---> A - B =", A - B)
print("A Sym-difference B --> A ^ B =", A ^ B)A={0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A Union B ---> A | B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
A Intersection B ---> A & B = {2, 4}
A Difference B ---> A - B = {0, 8, 6}
A Sym-difference B --> A ^ B = {0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8}