%PDF-1.4
%
1 0 obj
<< /Lang (en-US) /Metadata 3 0 R /Names 4 0 R /OpenAction [ null /Fit ] /Outlines 5 0 R /PageLabels 6 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /Pages 7 0 R /StructTreeRoot 8 0 R /Threads 9 0 R /Type /Catalog /ViewerPreferences << /DisplayDocTitle true >> >>
endobj
2 0 obj
<< /Author (Hannah James) /CreationDate (D:20251204082805+08'00') /Keywords (virtual fencing; cattle behavior; herd dynamics; agent-based modeling; learning and habituation) /ModDate (D:20251204082811+08'00') /Subject (James H, Perez M, Adams H, Giordano J, Peck M and Erickson D \(2025\) Biologically informed algorithms for modeling cattle response to auditory cues and driving simulations in virtual fencing systems. Front. Anim. Sci. 6:1708415. doi: 10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415) /Title (Biologically informed algorithms for modeling cattle response to auditory cues and driving simulations in virtual fencing systems) >>
endobj
3 0 obj
<< /Subtype /XML /Type /Metadata /Length 3342 >>
stream
application/pdf
Hannah James
Martin Perez
Hunter Adams
Julio Giordano
Mason Peck
David Erickson
James H, Perez M, Adams H, Giordano J, Peck M and Erickson D (2025) Biologically informed algorithms for modeling cattle response to auditory cues and driving simulations in virtual fencing systems. Front. Anim. Sci. 6:1708415. doi: 10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415
Copyright © 2025 James, Perez, Adams, Giordano, Peck and Erickson.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
virtual fencing
cattle behavior
herd dynamics
agent-based modeling
learning and habituation
Biologically informed algorithms for modeling cattle response to auditory cues and driving simulations in virtual fencing systems
virtual fencing; cattle behavior; herd dynamics; agent-based modeling; learning and habituation
True
https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement
2025-12-04T08:28:11+08:00
2025-12-04T08:28:05+08:00
2025-12-04T08:28:11+08:00
uuid:0c72c75a-dce0-4ff0-8551-847bc4f405b6
uuid:43827312-df60-4001-8f89-ad44f2538268
endstream
endobj
4 0 obj
<< /Dests 10 0 R >>
endobj
5 0 obj
<< /Count 1 /First 11 0 R /Last 11 0 R >>
endobj
6 0 obj
<< /Nums [ 0 12 0 R ] >>
endobj
7 0 obj
<< /Count 18 /Kids [ 13 0 R 14 0 R ] /Type /Pages >>
endobj
8 0 obj
<< /K [ 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R ] /ParentTree 20 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 5 /Type /StructTreeRoot >>
endobj
9 0 obj
[ 21 0 R ]
endobj
10 0 obj
<< /Kids [ 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R ] >>
endobj
11 0 obj
<< /Count -13 /Dest /First 25 0 R /Last 26 0 R /Parent 5 0 R /Title >>
endobj
12 0 obj
<< /S /D >>
endobj
13 0 obj
<< /Count 10 /Kids [ 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R ] /Parent 7 0 R /Type /Pages >>
endobj
14 0 obj
<< /Count 8 /Kids [ 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R ] /Parent 7 0 R /Type /Pages >>
endobj
15 0 obj
<< /A 45 0 R /Alt (Scatter plot showing predicted versus observed values with an R of 0.998. Includes inset for detail. Legend indicates study types: Learning \(blue circles\), Avoidance \(orange diamonds\), Motion \(green squares\), and Social \(red triangles\). Dashed line represents y = x.) /K 0 /P 8 0 R /Pg 33 0 R /S /Figure /T () >>
endobj
16 0 obj
<< /A 46 0 R /Alt (Four sequential frames showing the movement of colored dots representing different social roles: green for leader, red for dominant, purple for shy, and blue for normal. Each frame also includes a beige circle as the attraction goal. The frames, labeled 0, 26, 43, and 62, depict the dots' dispersion and interaction over time, with the leader and dominant dots shifting positions relative to the attraction goal.) /K 0 /P 8 0 R /Pg 35 0 R /S /Figure /T () >>
endobj
17 0 obj
<< /A 47 0 R /Alt (A series of four frames showing aerial views of cattle on grassy terrain, paired with corresponding scatter plots. Each frame, labeled with its number, shows cattle clustering differently. The scatter plots illustrate the spatial distribution of cattle, with dots representing individual animals. The frames show the cattle's gradual movement and changes in clustering patterns over time: Frame 0, Frame 641, Frame 1213, and Frame 1797.) /K 0 /P 8 0 R /Pg 37 0 R /S /Figure /T () >>
endobj
18 0 obj
<< /A 48 0 R /Alt (Four panels depicting simulation frames of activity statuses: Frame 0 shows 60 grazing, Frame 15 has 60 grazing with electric shocks occurring, Frame 111 shows 35 grazing, 24 walking, 1 reacting, and Frame 124 displays 38 grazing, 22 walking. Grazing is marked in green, walking in blue, reacting in red, audio cues in orange, and electric shock occurrences in pink crosses. Light green areas represent activity zones, and light red areas show inactive zones.) /K 0 /P 8 0 R /Pg 38 0 R /S /Figure /T () >>
endobj
19 0 obj
<< /A 49 0 R /Alt (Bar charts show median shocks per cow per day and overall escalation percentage across six conditions: baseline, cue_only_post, low_salience, temptation_edge, no_bonds, narrow_band. Panel \(a\) compares training to post-learning, while panel \(b\) displays escalation percentages. Error bars indicate interquartile ranges.) /K 0 /P 8 0 R /Pg 40 0 R /S /Figure /T () >>
endobj
20 0 obj
<< /Nums [ 0 50 0 R 1 51 0 R 2 52 0 R 3 53 0 R 4 54 0 R ] >>
endobj
21 0 obj
<< /F 55 0 R /I << /Title >> >>
endobj
22 0 obj
<< /Limits [ ] /Names [ 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R ] >>
endobj
23 0 obj
<< /Limits [ ] /Names [ 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R ] >>
endobj
24 0 obj
<< /Limits [ ] /Names [ 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R ] >>
endobj
25 0 obj
<< /Dest /Next 197 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Title >>
endobj
26 0 obj
<< /Dest /Parent 11 0 R /Prev 198 0 R /Title >>
endobj
27 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R ] /B [ 55 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R 219 0 R ] /Contents [ 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 228 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
28 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R ] /B [ 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R ] /Contents 299 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 300 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
29 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R 323 0 R ] /B [ 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R ] /Contents 329 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 330 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
30 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 331 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R ] /B [ 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R ] /Contents 352 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 353 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
31 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 358 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R ] /B [ 364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R 367 0 R 368 0 R 369 0 R ] /Contents 370 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 371 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
32 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 372 0 R 373 0 R 374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R 382 0 R 383 0 R 384 0 R 385 0 R 386 0 R 387 0 R 388 0 R 389 0 R 390 0 R 391 0 R 392 0 R 393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R 404 0 R 405 0 R 406 0 R 407 0 R 408 0 R 409 0 R 410 0 R 411 0 R 412 0 R 413 0 R 414 0 R 415 0 R 416 0 R 417 0 R 418 0 R 419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R 426 0 R 427 0 R 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R 434 0 R 435 0 R 436 0 R 437 0 R 438 0 R 439 0 R 440 0 R 441 0 R 442 0 R 443 0 R 444 0 R 445 0 R 446 0 R 447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R ] /B [ 452 0 R 453 0 R 454 0 R 455 0 R 456 0 R 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R 464 0 R 465 0 R 466 0 R 467 0 R 468 0 R 469 0 R 470 0 R 471 0 R 472 0 R 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R 476 0 R 477 0 R 478 0 R 479 0 R 480 0 R 481 0 R 482 0 R 483 0 R 484 0 R 485 0 R 486 0 R 487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R 490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R 496 0 R 497 0 R 498 0 R 499 0 R 500 0 R 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R 504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R 510 0 R 511 0 R 512 0 R 513 0 R 514 0 R 515 0 R 516 0 R 517 0 R 518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R 524 0 R 525 0 R 526 0 R 527 0 R 528 0 R 529 0 R 530 0 R 531 0 R 532 0 R 533 0 R 534 0 R 535 0 R 536 0 R 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R 541 0 R 542 0 R 543 0 R 544 0 R 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R 548 0 R 549 0 R 550 0 R 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R 556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R ] /Contents 562 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 563 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
33 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 564 0 R 565 0 R 566 0 R 567 0 R 568 0 R 569 0 R 570 0 R ] /B [ 571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R 574 0 R ] /Contents 575 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 576 0 R >> /Font << /T1_0 577 0 R /T1_1 578 0 R /T1_2 579 0 R /T1_3 580 0 R /T1_4 581 0 R /T1_5 582 0 R /T1_6 583 0 R /T1_7 584 0 R /T1_8 585 0 R /T1_9 586 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im0 587 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
34 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 595 0 R 596 0 R 597 0 R 598 0 R 599 0 R 600 0 R 601 0 R 602 0 R 603 0 R 604 0 R 605 0 R 606 0 R 607 0 R 608 0 R 609 0 R 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R ] /B [ 617 0 R 618 0 R 619 0 R 620 0 R 621 0 R 622 0 R 623 0 R 624 0 R 625 0 R 626 0 R 627 0 R 628 0 R 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R ] /Contents 635 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 636 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
35 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 637 0 R 638 0 R 639 0 R 640 0 R 641 0 R 642 0 R 643 0 R 644 0 R 645 0 R 646 0 R 647 0 R 648 0 R 649 0 R 650 0 R ] /B [ 651 0 R 652 0 R 653 0 R 654 0 R ] /Contents 655 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 576 0 R >> /Font << /T1_0 577 0 R /T1_1 578 0 R /T1_10 581 0 R /T1_11 585 0 R /T1_12 586 0 R /T1_2 656 0 R /T1_3 580 0 R /T1_4 583 0 R /T1_5 657 0 R /T1_6 658 0 R /T1_7 659 0 R /T1_8 660 0 R /T1_9 579 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im0 661 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 1 /Type /Page >>
endobj
36 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 662 0 R 663 0 R 664 0 R 665 0 R 666 0 R 667 0 R 668 0 R 669 0 R 670 0 R 671 0 R 672 0 R 673 0 R 674 0 R 675 0 R 676 0 R 677 0 R 678 0 R 679 0 R 680 0 R 681 0 R ] /B [ 682 0 R 683 0 R ] /Contents 684 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources 685 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
37 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 686 0 R 687 0 R 688 0 R 689 0 R 690 0 R 691 0 R 692 0 R 693 0 R 694 0 R 695 0 R ] /B [ 696 0 R 697 0 R 698 0 R ] /Contents 699 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 576 0 R >> /Font << /T1_0 577 0 R /T1_1 578 0 R /T1_10 700 0 R /T1_11 581 0 R /T1_2 579 0 R /T1_3 583 0 R /T1_4 658 0 R /T1_5 701 0 R /T1_6 702 0 R /T1_7 703 0 R /T1_8 585 0 R /T1_9 586 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im0 704 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 2 /Type /Page >>
endobj
38 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 705 0 R 706 0 R 707 0 R 708 0 R 709 0 R 710 0 R 711 0 R 712 0 R ] /B [ 713 0 R 714 0 R 715 0 R 716 0 R ] /Contents 717 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 576 0 R >> /Font << /T1_0 577 0 R /T1_1 583 0 R /T1_10 585 0 R /T1_11 586 0 R /T1_12 700 0 R /T1_13 718 0 R /T1_14 719 0 R /T1_2 703 0 R /T1_3 657 0 R /T1_4 578 0 R /T1_5 580 0 R /T1_6 582 0 R /T1_7 581 0 R /T1_8 720 0 R /T1_9 579 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im0 721 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 3 /Type /Page >>
endobj
39 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 722 0 R 723 0 R 724 0 R 725 0 R 726 0 R 727 0 R 728 0 R 729 0 R 730 0 R 731 0 R 732 0 R 733 0 R ] /B [ 734 0 R 735 0 R 736 0 R 737 0 R 738 0 R 739 0 R 740 0 R 741 0 R 742 0 R 743 0 R 744 0 R 745 0 R 746 0 R 747 0 R 748 0 R 749 0 R 750 0 R 751 0 R 752 0 R 753 0 R 754 0 R 755 0 R 756 0 R 757 0 R 758 0 R 759 0 R 760 0 R 761 0 R 762 0 R 763 0 R 764 0 R 765 0 R 766 0 R 767 0 R 768 0 R 769 0 R 770 0 R 771 0 R 772 0 R 773 0 R 774 0 R 775 0 R 776 0 R 777 0 R 778 0 R 779 0 R 780 0 R 781 0 R ] /Contents 782 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 783 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
40 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 784 0 R 785 0 R 786 0 R 787 0 R 788 0 R 789 0 R 790 0 R 791 0 R 792 0 R 793 0 R 794 0 R 795 0 R 796 0 R 797 0 R 798 0 R 799 0 R 800 0 R 801 0 R 802 0 R 803 0 R 804 0 R 805 0 R 806 0 R 807 0 R ] /B [ 808 0 R 809 0 R 810 0 R ] /Contents 811 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 576 0 R >> /Font << /T1_0 577 0 R /T1_1 578 0 R /T1_2 585 0 R /T1_3 586 0 R /T1_4 657 0 R /T1_5 700 0 R /T1_6 719 0 R /T1_7 581 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im0 812 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 4 /Type /Page >>
endobj
41 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 813 0 R 814 0 R 815 0 R 816 0 R 817 0 R 818 0 R 819 0 R 820 0 R 821 0 R 822 0 R 823 0 R 824 0 R 825 0 R 826 0 R 827 0 R 828 0 R 829 0 R 830 0 R ] /B [ 831 0 R 832 0 R ] /Contents 833 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 834 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
42 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 835 0 R 836 0 R 837 0 R 838 0 R 839 0 R 840 0 R 841 0 R 842 0 R 843 0 R ] /B [ 844 0 R 845 0 R 846 0 R 847 0 R 848 0 R 849 0 R 850 0 R 851 0 R 852 0 R 853 0 R ] /Contents 854 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 855 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
43 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 856 0 R 857 0 R 858 0 R 859 0 R 860 0 R 861 0 R 862 0 R 863 0 R 864 0 R 865 0 R 866 0 R 867 0 R 868 0 R 869 0 R 870 0 R 871 0 R 872 0 R 873 0 R 874 0 R 875 0 R 876 0 R 877 0 R 878 0 R 879 0 R 880 0 R 881 0 R 882 0 R 883 0 R 884 0 R 885 0 R 886 0 R 887 0 R 888 0 R 889 0 R 890 0 R 891 0 R 892 0 R 893 0 R 894 0 R 895 0 R 896 0 R 897 0 R 898 0 R 899 0 R 900 0 R 901 0 R 902 0 R 903 0 R 904 0 R 905 0 R 906 0 R 907 0 R 908 0 R 909 0 R 910 0 R 911 0 R 912 0 R 913 0 R 914 0 R 915 0 R ] /B [ 916 0 R 917 0 R 918 0 R 919 0 R ] /Contents 920 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 921 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
44 0 obj
<< /Annots [ 922 0 R 923 0 R 924 0 R 925 0 R 926 0 R 927 0 R 928 0 R 929 0 R 930 0 R 931 0 R 932 0 R 933 0 R 934 0 R 935 0 R 936 0 R 937 0 R 938 0 R 939 0 R 940 0 R 941 0 R ] /B [ 942 0 R 943 0 R ] /Contents 944 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.389 841.663 ] /Parent 14 0 R /Resources 945 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page >>
endobj
45 0 obj
<< /BBox 946 0 R /Height 220.876 /O /Layout /Width 425.197 >>
endobj
46 0 obj
<< /BBox 947 0 R /Height 115.427 /O /Layout /Width 467.716 >>
endobj
47 0 obj
<< /BBox 948 0 R /Height 501.789 /O /Layout /Width 340.101 >>
endobj
48 0 obj
<< /BBox 949 0 R /Height 129.883 /O /Layout /Width 467.716 >>
endobj
49 0 obj
<< /BBox 950 0 R /Height 364.592 /O /Layout /Width 340.157 >>
endobj
50 0 obj
[ 15 0 R ]
endobj
51 0 obj
[ 16 0 R ]
endobj
52 0 obj
[ 17 0 R ]
endobj
53 0 obj
[ 18 0 R ]
endobj
54 0 obj
[ 19 0 R ]
endobj
55 0 obj
<< /N 217 0 R /P 27 0 R /R [ 219 498 549 718 ] /T 21 0 R /V 943 0 R >>
endobj
56 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
57 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
58 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
59 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
60 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
61 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
62 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
63 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
64 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
65 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
66 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
67 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
68 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
69 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
70 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
71 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
72 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
73 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
74 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
75 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
76 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
77 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
78 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
79 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
80 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
81 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
82 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
83 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
84 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
85 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
86 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
87 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
88 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
89 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
90 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
91 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
92 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
93 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
94 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
95 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
96 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
97 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
98 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
99 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
100 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
101 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
102 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
103 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
104 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
105 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
106 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
107 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
108 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
109 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
110 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
111 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
112 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
113 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
114 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
115 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
116 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
117 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
118 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
119 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
120 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
121 0 obj
<< /D [ 44 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
122 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
123 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
124 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
125 0 obj
<< /D [ 32 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
126 0 obj
<< /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
127 0 obj
<< /D [ 39 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
128 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
129 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
130 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
131 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
132 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
133 0 obj
<< /D [ 27 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
134 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
135 0 obj
<< /D [ 43 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
136 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
137 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
138 0 obj
<< /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
139 0 obj
<< /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
140 0 obj
<< /D [ 35 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
141 0 obj
<< /D [ 36 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
142 0 obj
<< /D [ 36 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
143 0 obj
<< /D [ 36 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
144 0 obj
<< /D [ 37 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
145 0 obj
<< /D [ 38 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
146 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
147 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
148 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
149 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
150 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
151 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
152 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
153 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
154 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
155 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
156 0 obj
<< /D [ 33 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
157 0 obj
<< /D [ 35 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
158 0 obj
<< /D [ 37 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
159 0 obj
<< /D [ 38 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
160 0 obj
<< /D [ 40 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
161 0 obj
<< /D [ 27 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
162 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
163 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
164 0 obj
<< /D [ 28 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
165 0 obj
<< /D [ 28 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
166 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
167 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
168 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
169 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
170 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
171 0 obj
<< /D [ 29 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
172 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
173 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
174 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
175 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
176 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
177 0 obj
<< /D [ 30 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
178 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
179 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
180 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
181 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
182 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
183 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
184 0 obj
<< /D [ 31 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
185 0 obj
<< /D [ 33 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
186 0 obj
<< /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
187 0 obj
<< /D [ 34 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
188 0 obj
<< /D [ 35 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
189 0 obj
<< /D [ 36 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
190 0 obj
<< /D [ 38 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
191 0 obj
<< /D [ 39 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
192 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
193 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
194 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
195 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
196 0 obj
<< /D [ 42 0 R /XYZ null null null ] >>
endobj
197 0 obj
<< /Count -8 /Dest /First 951 0 R /Last 952 0 R /Next 953 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Prev 25 0 R /Title >>
endobj
198 0 obj
<< /Dest /Next 26 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /Prev 954 0 R /Title >>
endobj
199 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415/full) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 221.669 685.417 535.918 706.394 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
200 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415/full) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 221.669 660.416 507.855 681.392 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
201 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415/full) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 221.669 635.414 427.578 656.39 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
202 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415/full) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 221.669 610.412 433.304 631.389 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
203 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415/full) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 221.669 585.411 442.942 606.387 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
204 0 obj
<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Dest /Rect [ 311.471 85.72 390.217 94.677 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
205 0 obj
<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Dest /Rect [ 396.85 85.72 480.642 94.677 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
206 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 49.606 33.619 137.197 40.649 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
207 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 500.145 33.619 545.953 40.649 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
208 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2025-12-08) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 49.606 690.293 125.972 705.43 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
209 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (mailto:de54@cornell.edu) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 60.151 537.165 117.298 544.195 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
210 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 49.606 415.276 155.565 422.305 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
211 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 155.225 374.287 180.227 381.316 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
212 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 49.606 365.272 168.265 372.302 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
213 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science#editorial-board) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 454.053 802.545 510.009 809.518 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
214 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science#editorial-board) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 470.778 793.02 533.083 800.05 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
215 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2025.1708415) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 450.652 783.553 540.453 790.526 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
216 0 obj
<< /A << /S /URI /URI (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 49.606 789.732 243.439 806.286 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >>
endobj
217 0 obj
<< /N 218 0 R /P 27 0 R /R [ 219 267 549 481 ] /T 21 0 R /V 55 0 R >>
endobj
218 0 obj
<< /N 219 0 R /P 27 0 R /R [ 219 199 549 242 ] /T 21 0 R /V 217 0 R >>
endobj
219 0 obj
<< /N 296 0 R /P 27 0 R /R [ 219 70 549 156 ] /T 21 0 R /V 218 0 R >>
endobj
220 0 obj
<< /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1915 >>
stream
HW]6ŢozE6IA("ّ̱%WN=