Barrier Function SMC - State Constraint Enforcement 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Time (s) x₁ (position) State Response (Constraint: |x| < 4) Conventional SMC Barrier SMC 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (s) u(t) Control Signal Conventional Barrier