Satellite connectivity is changing that. By orbiting high above Earth, satellites provide coverage to regions where other means like cables, towers, or fiber optics are impractical or impossible to use, transforming not only personal communications but also reaching industries such as agriculture, transportation, disaster management, and national defense.

How does satellite connectivity work?

Satellite connectivity relies on a network of satellites orbiting the Earth to transmit data between users and ground stations. These satellites act as relay points, receiving signals from one location and sending them to another, effectively bypassing the limitations of terrestrial networks. Depending on their orbital altitude and configuration, satellites can provide different coverage, speed, and latency levels.

Modern communication satellites typically operate in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Geostationary Orbit (GEO).

1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Located between 500 and 2,000 km above Earth, LEO satellites offer low latency, making them ideal for broadband internet and real-time applications. Because they move quickly relative to the Earth, a large constellation of satellites is needed to provide continuous coverage.
2. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): Positioned between 2,000 and 35,000 km, MEO satellites balance coverage and latency. Compared to LEO, fewer satellites are required but latency is slightly higher. MEO satellites are often used for navigation and communication networks.
3. Geostationary Orbit (GEO): At around 35,786 km above the equator, GEO satellites look like they are fixed from the Earth’s perspective covering large areas with a single satellite but experience higher latency due to the distance. This orbit is commonly used for TV broadcasting, weather monitoring, and certain broadband services.

Satellite connectivity relies on three main types of links: uplink, downlink, inter-satellite link.

The uplink is the one that transmits the data from a ground station to a user device or a satellite; Downlinks transmit  data from the satellite back to the ground station or user; Inter-satellite links allow modern satellites to communicate directly with each other, reducing latency and improving network performance by routing data in space and not through multiple ground stations.

To transmit data, satellites use specific frequency bands like Ka-band, Ku-band and C-band, each with its specific bandwidth, atmospheric interference and coverage.

Besides frequency bands, satellite connectivity also depends on ground stations which manage the satellites, monitor performance, and route data to terrestrial networks.

From remote villages to global commerce

Global satellite connectivity has enormous potential to close the digital gap. Underserved regions can have the same opportunities as urban centers.

For example, a farmer in a remote valley could access weather forecasts and take action if needed, or the market data in real-time to better sell his crops; students in isolated communities could join virtual classrooms continuing their education, and emergency teams could coordinate relief efforts during natural disasters, even when ground-based networks are down.

From a commercial point of view, global broadband from space supports shipping lanes, airlines, offshore energy platforms, and exploration sites. In the security area, satellite connectivity enables secure, resilient communications for defense and humanitarian missions.

Satellite connectivity in the real world

Most people know about Starlink, it’s pretty popular. This LEO constellation has demonstrated, to this day, how satellites, even though thousands of them, can deliver broadband to remote and mobile users worldwide.

Europe is also advancing its own secure connectivity initiative, IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite), aiming to combine commercial and governmental services while ensuring strategic autonomy.

Both cases illustrate how satellite connectivity can be tailored to different needs, one focusing on global commercial coverage, the other on secure communications.

Resilience in satellite connectivity

Besides speed and coverage, satellite connectivity is also about resilience. Space-based systems are less vulnerable to earthly disruptions (like cable cuts or infrastructure damage), adding layers of reliability and security just by being up above, ensuring that communications remain open when they are needed the most.

Additionally, innovations like quantum key distribution and beam shaping are improving the confidentiality of satellite communications, reducing the risk of interception or cyberattacks.

What does the future hold?

One thing’s for sure. The demand for global connectivity grows. So future constellations will have to be integrated with terrestrial 5G network, creating a hybrid system that delivers consistent service anywhere on Earth.

There are, however, some challenges to overcome. Managing orbital congestion, reducing space debris, and ensuring equitable access will require international collaboration. Yet the momentum is clear. Satellite connectivity is becoming a critical part of the world’s communication infrastructure.

At AROBS Polska you can find a dynamic and forward-thinking team specialized in technologies such as quantum and optical communication to drive the future of space exploration. Through strategic partnerships with esteemed organizations, including the European Space Agency (ESA), leading European industry players, and academic institutions, we have honed our ability to deliver solutions precisely tailored to meet the strict requirements and specifications of each project.

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Understanding the space debris problem

Space debris, often called “space junk,” are the non-functional human-made objects orbiting Earth, including defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and small fragments from past collisions or explosions.

36.000 objects larger than 10 cm each and millions of other smaller fragments are currently tracked in orbit. We might see them as insignificant compared to the vast space, but travelling at speeds up to 28,000 km/h, even a tiny piece of debris can cause immense damage.

Thanks to mega-constellations like Starlink, OneWeb or Project Kuiper, 100,000 new satellites are planned for launch over the next decade, the space around Earth becoming increasingly congested. Without intervention, the risk of catastrophic collisions will continue to grow.

Why does space debris threaten sustainability?

Sustainability in space means ensuring the long-term usability of Earth’s orbits. Space debris directly threatens this goal. A collision between two satellites or with a piece of debris could create thousands of new fragments, further increasing the risk to another spacecraft.

This concern isn’t hypothetical. In 2009, an Iridium communications satellite collided with a defunct Russian satellite, producing over 2,000 pieces of trackable debris. In 2021, a Russian anti-satellite weapons test added more than 1,500 fragments to low Earth orbit.

Each of these events highlighted the growing danger and the domino effect known as the Kessler Syndrome. Also known as the “Kessler effect” describes a situation in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) becomes so high due to space pollution that collisions between these objects cascade, making certain orbital zones unusable.

Are there any solutions for space debris mitigation?

Lately, companies and public institutions have realised the importance of keeping the space clean, so they have started to innovate and cooperate to address this crisis.

Below are the most promising strategies being developed and implemented:

1. Designing satellites for deorbiting

In the fight against space debris, satellites are now designed with end-of-life disposal systems, like propulsion units, drag sails or tethers, allowing them to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up after their mission ends. The result? A reduced number of inactive satellites left drifting in orbit.

2. Active Debris Removal (ADR)

One of the most exciting areas in space sustainability is active debris removal. Companies are now developing robotic spacecraft that can capture and deorbit space debris.

ESA’s ClearSpace-1 mission, scheduled for 2026, aims to be the first to demonstrate such removal in action.

What does this technology include?

• Robotic arms to grab and stabilize defunct satellites
• Harpoons and nets to trap and tow debris
• Laser-based systems to gently nudge objects into a lower orbit

AROBS Polska is contributing to the success of the ClearSpace-1 mission by being involved in developing the Rendez-Vous Sensor Processing Unit (RVSPU), which will process signals from multiple cameras and lidar sensors.

3. Space Traffic Management (STM)

AI comes in handy for developing systems that can track debris in real time. Agencies like NASA and ESA, together with private companies, created space traffic management systems which can predict potential collisions or coordinate manoeuvres in real time.

Sharing responsibility

We know for sure that no single nation or company can solve the space debris challenge alone. It is a global problem requiring international collaboration. Cooperation among governments, private companies, and international organisations is essential to establishing clear standards and accountability.

We must think about space sustainability from the very beginning, from the mission planning process. By including debris mitigation measures in satellite design, launch protocols, and orbital operations, we can create a safer, more responsible space environment.

The future of space without debris

A clean orbital environment will enable future innovations like space tourism (which is gaining more momentum), in-orbit manufacturing, Earth observation and even deep space exploration. The space debris issue could severely limit access to these opportunities.

With continued investment and collaboration, we can build a future in which outer space remains safe, accessible, and sustainable for generations to come.

AROBS Polska has been actively involved in creating electronic systems, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) code, and embedded software, providing a wide range of services and products that cater to the specific needs of the space industry since 2016.

Read more about our expertise here – https://arobs.pl/ and our products – https://arobs.pl/products/.

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Why satellites? Overcoming Earth-based limitations

On the Earth, the quantum signals in optical fibres or in the atmosphere cannot be reliably transmitted over long distances (typical ranges reaching a maximum of 100-200 kilometres), making it challenging to implement QKD. These limitations led researchers and space agencies to explore the use of satellites to overcome those terrestrial constraints. Satellite-based QKD offers the possibility of global quantum communication by enabling secure key exchanges between ground stations separated by thousands of kilometres, far beyond the reach of fibre-optic networks. In the vacuum of space, photons can travel vast distances with acceptable losses.

Technology and challenges in Orbit

The process of implementing QKD in satellite missions involves using entangled photons or single photon sources on-board the satellite. In the most common implementations a quantum key signal is generated on-board of the satellite and transmitted to optical receivers on the ground. Some critical factors that can influence the quality and the success of the quantum link are timing and pointing precision, atmospheric disturbances or satellite tracking.

There are, however, some ways to address these challenges, such as the advances in optics, adaptive systems, pushing the boundaries of what is technically possible.

Milestones in Quantum Space Communications

In 2016, China launched the Micius satellite, the world’s first QKD satellite. Micius successfully demonstrated QKD between satellite and ground stations and even between stations located on different continents. This achievement proved the feasibility of using Low Earth Orbit satellites for secure quantum communication on a global scale.

Since then, numerous countries and organizations, such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the United States, and Japan, have initiated similar satellite QKD programs, recognizing the strategic importance of quantum-secure networks.

Significant steps in this field are taken by the European Space Agency to position Europe as a leader in space-based Quantum Key Distribution.

ScyLight program – ESA supports research and missions that advance optical and quantum communication technologies.

QUARTZ – a platform aimed to deliver QKD services using geostationary satellites, for use in geographically-dispersed networks.

EAGLE-1 satellite mission – a key initiative developed in partnership with the European Commission and set to demonstrate QKD between space and ground stations across Europe.

EuroQCI – an initiative which seeks to build a continent-wide quantum communication infrastructure combining both terrestrial and satellite networks.

Heading toward a Global Quantum Internet

Looking ahead, the integration of Quantum Key Distribution into satellite missions will play a pivotal role in establishing a global quantum information network. Currently, companies are making efforts to standardize protocols, miniaturize payloads, and develop quantum-compatible satellite constellations. As quantum technology matures, satellite-based QKD could become a cornerstone of a future secure communications infrastructure, protecting sensitive information from any threats posed by quantum computing or cyber warfare.

Living in a new era of cybersecurity

Exploring the unique properties of quantum physics and extending the reach of secure communications beyond the Earth-based infrastructure, satellite-based QKD offers a future where global data privacy and integrity are fundamentally protected, representing a transformative shift in the approach to cybersecurity.

QKD vs. Post-Quantum Cryptography. What’s the difference?

Quantum Key Distribution offers information-theoretic security, but its deployment, especially via satellite remains pretty complex and, sometimes, costly.

In contrast, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) provides quantum-resistant encryption algorithms designed to run on today’s classical networks and hardware. PQC is easier to integrate into existing infrastructure and is currently being

Post-Quantum-Cryptography offers a more accessible short- to medium-term solution for quantum-resilient security, but it does not provide the same level of theoretical security as QKD.

However, QKD and PQC can form a complementary security landscape: PQC offering immediate deployability, while QKD providing the highest level of long-term protection for sensitive communications.

AROBS Polska holds a pioneering position as the first Polish company to collaborate with scientific partners to develop satellite quantum key distribution. We specialize in harnessing the power of FPGA to create the quantum communication solution for the needs of every project. Here, you can read more about our solutions and projects in the QKD field.

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The use of cutting-edge software architecture in space applications is pivotal for us to understand the intricacies of the cosmos and to enhance the efficiency of space missions. Modern space applications rely heavily on sophisticated software technologies to manage complex systems, control scientific instruments, process vast amounts of data, and ensure almost real-time communication.

What are space applications, and why do they need specific software architecture?

Space applications enclose a wide range of technologies and services that utilize space-based assets to support distinct sectors on Earth.  These applications are critical for modern society, providing services in communication, navigation, Earth observation and many more. Take these for example.

Spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the New Horizons. These are vehicles designed for deesp  space travel, often used for scientific research, exploration, or communication.

Satellites which orbit the Earth or other celestial bodies, providing services like telecommunications, navigation weather forecasting, or Earth observation.

Habitable artificial structures in space where astronauts can live and conduct scientific research like the International Space Station.

Lunar and Martian rovers, the robotic vehicles designed to explore the surfaces of the Moon and Mars like Curiosity or ExoMars.

Space agencies have established specific standards for software development for space applications, guidelines for architecture constraints, development methods and compliance requirements to ensure that software meets the rigorous mission based on the function severity and criticality assessment.

The space standards commonly required by the space agencies are the ECSS & CCSDS standards that are designed to improve efficiency, common understanding in space activities as well as subsystem compatibility, covering areas like project management, quality assurance, engineering and the recommended communication interfaces and protocols for space missions; PUS-C, CFDP, SDLS, XTCE, SLE, and EDS standards were developed for space data handling, communication and information system unification; While primarily focused on automotive software, MISRA C/C++ guidelines are commonly required in space software development due to their emphasis on safety, security, portability and reliability.

SAVOIR or Space AVionics Open Interface aRchitecture was developed by ESA to create a modular, reusable, and interoperable architecture for space avionics systems. SAVOIR defines several core elements like the OBC which is the brain of the spacecraft, responsible for executing commands and managing data; communication interfaces for high-speed, reliable data exchange; payload control; software architecture for a modular approach, allowing different teams to develop components independently but still working together without fault; Fault Detection, Isolation, and Recovery (FDIR), a built-in support for autonomous error handling, necessary for deep-space or long-duration missions.

But in the end, these software architectures must focus on reliability, fault tolerance and real-time processing.

Must-haves’ of software architecture for space applications

Any space system must be able to operate reliably over long periods of time with minimal maintenance, ensure redundancy and have fail-safe mechanisms that can detect, isolate and recover from failures with no impact on other satellite components.

Navigation, communication and control systems need real-time data processing.

Satellites and spacecraft collect vast amounts of data. Therefore, efficient data storage and retrieval is essential for ensuring operational efficiency, supporting real-time decisions, enhancing security and solving cost-related issues.

In space applications, cryptography plays a critical role in ensuring data confidentiality by encrypting sensitive information during transmission and storage, preventing scenarios like unauthorized interception of Earth observation satellite data before public release or tampering with proprietary engineering information. For data authenticity, space systems employ cryptographic hashing and digital signatures to verify command origins and detect tampering. Authentication algorithms are used to ensure that only authorized control centers can modify spacecraft operations. Hash functions create unique digital fingerprints for critical data such as flight software updates, allowing receivers to confirm integrity by comparing computed and expected hashes. These mechanisms prevent catastrophic errors caused by corrupted commands or compromised payload data, which could otherwise lead to mission failure or invalid scientific results.

A software architecture used in space applications must be able to react in a pre-defined way between objects in space and ground stations, like the in-flight update ability to provide fixes for bugs or issues during the mission, improving safety and performance; to provide security for vulnerabilities protecting critical systems; to improve real-time performance monitoring and diagnostics, aiding mission optimization.

Software architecture used in space applications

Layered architecture provides a structured and efficient way to organize the software that controls the spacecraft. Each layer has specific roles, making the system more modular, scalable, and easier to maintain, while also enhancing reliability and performance during space missions.

The physical/device layer interfaces directly with spacecraft hardware (sensors, actuators, communication devices) and provides low-level hardware management and control e.g. power systems and thermal regulation.

The middleware layer provides common services and frameworks to facilitate communication between the various layers and components as well as provides the implementation of communication protocols and mechanisms, e.g. for the transmission of spacecraft data to ground control and processing commands sent from ground control, including updates to software or configuration changes. It abstracts much of the complexity involved in communication, scheduling, and resource management.

The application layer provides mission-specific functionality based on mission objectives. It is responsible for higher-level decision-making, including planning and executing mission tasks. It realizes system health monitoring, anomaly detection, isolation and recovery strategies, telemetry data collection as well as storing, processing, and transmitting mission data to ground control.

New subsystems can be added without affecting the entire system and the clear separation between layers makes updates safer and more efficient. It makes the development, testing and maintenance easier.

In terms of error isolation, the issues in one layer don’t affect the others.

Event-Driven Architecture can be used in space applications due to its decoupling and scalability. EDA decouples software components, allowing them to operate independently and scale if needed. This flexibility enables space missions to update or replace each component without affecting the entire system. In the case of asynchronous events, EDA can be applied in systems that require real-time responses to changing conditions.

EDAs can be used in space for satellite constellations, close proximity operations, space weather monitoring or emergency response systems. For satellite constellations, EDA can manage communication and coordination among satellites, ensuring efficient data exchange, real-time action execution during rendezvous and capture/docking and real-time responses to events. When it comes to space weather monitoring, real-time event processing can alert systems about weather changes, enabling proactive measures to protect satellites.

Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) enhances space-based systems’ modularity, scalability and interoperability.

The modularity and reusability of SOA allow for the development of self-contained services that can be used across different space missions or systems. This modularity reduces development costs and enhances system flexibility, making it easier to update the space systems.

Interoperability is crucial for coordinating operations among multiple satellites, ground stations, and other space assets. To ensure seamless integration of all components, SOA facilitates communication between different systems and platforms.

Sometimes, space missions must be scalable, meaning they require some dynamic adjustments to system capabilities. SOA supports this scalability by allowing new services to be added if needed.

Satellites collect vast amounts of data. The service-oriented architecture can help manage and process these large volumes of data, ensuring that it is accessible and usable across different systems.

Distributed Space Systems (DSS) can comprise multiple satellites or spacecraft that interact to achieve commercial, scientific or technological objectives. These systems offer some advantages over traditional ones such as enhanced mission capabilities, improved resilience and cost efficiency. DSS are a great tool and resource for better understanding our planet and allowing us to make data-driven decisions.

Due to their ability to manage tasks with precise timing and predictability, real-time operating systems play a decisive role in space applications. They offer predictable performance, ensuring that critical tasks are executed within a given timeline, provide fault-tolerant features to handle hardware or software errors and avoid endangering the mission by utilizing built-in software failure mitigation, correction and recovery features.

RTOS also optimize the use of onboard resources such as memory and processing power, extending the lifespan of satellites or spacecraft and maximizing their operational capabilities. For example, RTEMS RTOS is commonly used for efficient onboard software development and deployment.

Let’s not forget about FPGAs

This configurable integrated circuit plays a vital role in the success of various space missions due to its flexibility, high performance, and ability to operate reliably in harsh environments. It is perfect for long-term satellite missions where modifications might be needed after deployment because it can be reprogrammed from the ground.

However, when we combine FPGAs with microprocessor devices, so called, System on Chip or SoC,  we get a perfect match for both data processing and system control tasks because they offer flexibility and customization; FPGA allow for reconfiguration and customization, while SoCs provide integrated solutions that can adapt to specific tasks; they are efficient and compact, both technologies reduce size and power consumption; they enable fast data processing and system control, essential for real-time applications in space.

FPGAs efficiently process large amounts of data and can be customized for specific tasks, enhancing their utility in modern space technology. But they must be developed, right?

When developing FPGAs for space missions, several types of software are used to design, simulate, and verify the FPGA designs.

First, you need to know about Hardware Description Language (HDL) Editors. These tools allow developers to write and edit HDL code in languages like VHDL, Verilog, or SystemVerilog and are essential for defining the digital logic of the FPGA.

Second, you need Logic Synthesis Tools. This software codes into a netlist that can be mapped onto the FPGA’s hardware and optimizes the design for area and performance.

Third, Place and Route Tools help map the synthesized netlist onto the FPGA’s physical resources and route signals between them, ensuring that the design fits within the FPGA’s constraints and operates correctly.

Fourth, you need to use some Simulation Tools to verify the functionality of the design before it is programmed onto the FPGA, meaning that you can catch errors early in the development cycle.

Lastly, radiation hardening and mitigation tools will ensure that your FPGA can operate reliably in harsh space environments.

That being said, please note that AROBS Polska’s work with FPGA technology started in 2016, and since then, we managed to create a substantial portfolio of successful projects working with the industry’s top players. You can read more about our expertise here.

AROBS Polska is designing the future of space

We are a dynamic and innovative team of specialists standing at the forefront of cutting-edge advancements in the space industry. Multiple partnerships with ESA, European Industry, and Academia ensured that our solutions aligned with the rigorous requirements and specifications set forth for each project. Our expertise is focused on developing dedicated electronic systems, FPGA code, and embedded software. Read more about us here. AROBS Polska is part of AROBS Group since 2023.

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“We are delighted that AROBS Polska has been selected for another ESA project. The rapid advancements in quantum computers pose a major challenge to cybersecurity, as traditional encryption systems become vulnerable to the exceptional processing power of future quantum computers. The compromise of cryptographic keys can have serious consequences, ranging from unauthorized interception of communications to the takeover of devices. In this context, the solution developed by AROBS Polska within the PQC ASTrAL project is a necessary response to a real threat, contributing to the long-term security of satellite communications,” stated Voicu Oprean, Founder and CEO of AROBS.

Quantum computer advancements raise significant cybersecurity challenges, with the potential to compromise traditional cryptographic algorithms. To counter this risk, PQC ASTrAL aims to implement a cryptographic system resistant to quantum attacks, allowing satellites to perform authentication, digital signatures, and encryption in a secure and sustainable manner over the long term.

In this project, AROBS Polska is the prime contractor responsible for developing the hardware and firmware hosting the cryptographic IP core, as well as the associated software. ResQuant, a company specializing in hardware-implemented cryptographic solutions, is the subcontractor and is responsible for the cryptographic aspects of the project.

“Securing satellite communications is a complex challenge, especially for long-duration devices with limited physical access. Updating software, cryptographic certificates, and key negotiation mechanisms are critical processes for maintaining security, yet vulnerabilities in current systems might allow attacks through forged digital signatures or compromised cryptographic keys. With the rapid advancements in quantum computers, traditional cryptographic standards no longer provide long-term security guarantees. By integrating post-quantum algorithms and implementing security mechanisms in hardware, PQC ASTrAL significantly reduces these risks by separating cryptographic processing from core systems and minimizing vulnerabilities to cyberattacks and hardware failures. This approach ensures a high level of security for satellite communications, anticipating the industry needs for the years to come,” added Michał Szwajewski, CEO AROBS Polska.

The developed system will enable the generation and management of cryptographic keys both on satellites and at mission control stations, the secure authentication of keys using post-quantum methods standardised in August 2024 by U.S. NIST, as well as the distribution and validation of software packages for satellites. The solution is designed to comply with international security standards and will be compatible with SpaceWire and SpaceFibre, two high-speed aerospace communication protocols that facilitate data transfer between on-board satellite systems and other spacecraft.

“European National Security Agencies are urging the transition of critical infrastructure to post-quantum cryptography. ESA is proud to partner with AROBS Polska to develop a quantum-safe key management system that will protect satellite communication infrastructure from emerging threats, ensuring Europe can safely leverage quantum computing advances and defend against related attacks,” said Laurent Jaffart, ESA’s Director of Connectivity and Secure Communications.

AROBS Polska, headquartered in Gdansk, specializes in developing advanced technologies for quantum and optical communications, data processing and storage, as well as satellite control mechanisms and instruments. The company has extensive experience in developing solutions for ESA and other aerospace organizations, actively contributing to innovative projects for securing space communications.

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About AROBS Polska

AROBS Polska is a Polish company specializing in developing products and technologies for quantum and optical communication, data storage and processing, and control of satellite mechanisms and instruments. The company develops technologies and products for the European Space Agency (ESA) and the commercial space sector. Over the years, the company has been involved in numerous projects in the European aerospace sector, including with representatives of the new space market.

More details about AROBS Polska: https://arobs.pl/

About AROBS Transilvania Software

AROBS Transilvania Software provides software services and solutions in various industries, having approximately 70 partners of the Software Services business line located in Europe and America and more than 11.000 clients of the Software Products business lines from Europe and Asia. AROBS is present in 11 locations in Romania and nine abroad, and over 1.300 AROBS specialists build solutions for the future in embedded – Automotive, Aerospace, Maritime, and Medical – as well as Travel Technology, IoT, Clinical Trials, Fintech, Enterprise Solutions, Cybersecurity, and Intelligent Automation.

More about the AROBS group: www.arobs.com and www.arobsgrup.ro .

About ESA’s Space Systems for Safety and Security (4S) programme 

The European Space Agency (ESA) is Europe’s gateway to space, coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its Member States to conduct space programmes and activities. Part of Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems (ARTES), the Space Systems for Safety and Security (4S) strategic programme line develops innovative secure satellite communication systems, integrating them with terrestrial networks where relevant. These systems aim to enhance the safety, resilience, and security of our critical infrastructures and applications, including transportation across land, air, and sea. Additionally, they support governmental operations such as border control and law enforcement.

The 4S initiative aims to support European and national institutions and public bodies in building satellite communications tailored to their needs, while also maintaining Europe’s position at the forefront of the global secure communications market. By fostering growth in this domain, the initiative contributes to creating a safer and more resilient society in Europe and beyond.

Learn more at https://connectivity.esa.int/space-systems-safety-and-security-4s

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FPGAs enable:

• Robust control systems in satellites, orbital systems and deep-space probes
• Efficient implementation of communications protocols
• Real-time data processing

Why use FPGAs for space applications?

The outer space missions require powerful and adaptable hardware. FPGAs stand out because of their ability to be optimized and reprogrammed for a variety of tasks.

Space missions are unpredictable, conditions can rapidly change, and hardware must be able to be reconfigured to meet the evolving requirements. FPGAs allow engineers to update and reprogram them post-launch. This adaptability extends the functional lifespan of the equipment, lowering costs and maximizing mission potential.

Another advantage of FPGAs is their parallel processing architecture, allowing them to handle vast amounts of data from sensors, cameras and other scientific instruments.

Every space mission has its own set of objectives and challenges. FPGAs can be tailored to meet these requirements from communication protocols to control systems.

Types of FPGAs used in space

There are three types of FPGAs used in space: SRAM-based, Flash-based and Antifuse-based.

SRAM-based FPGAs – suitable for complex data processing tasks and having exceptional computational power. They are widely used in space applications where reprogrammability is critical.

Flash-based FPGAs – more reliable in radiation-heavy environments, they retain configuration even when powered off, offering a practical advantage for power-constrained missions. They can also be reprogrammed, if needed.

Antifuse-based FPGAs – having a one-time programmable architecture limits their use to applications where functionality is fixed before launch (control systems and fail-safe mechanisms). However, antifuse-based FPGAs are the most radiation-tolerant of the three types.

The role of FPGAs in space applications

FPGAs play a vital role in modern space missions, enabling a variety of critical systems. They are adaptable and able to manage complex operations.

On-board Data Processing

Spacecraft and satellites produce massive volumes of data from sensors, cameras, and scientific instruments. FPGAs make it possible to analyze this data in real time, minimizing the need to send raw information back to Earth. This capability is essential for Earth observation where on-board processing and compression of high-resolution images are necessary, as well as deep-space exploration where communication constraints make Earth-based processing unfeasible.

Communication Systems

FPGAs enable flexible and efficient communication between spacecraft and ground stations. They support dynamic modulation schemes and advanced signal processing protocols, making it possible to adapt and optimize data transmission as mission conditions evolve.

For interplanetary missions, FPGAs ensure reliable transfer of telemetry, scientific data and commands, despite delays and limited bandwidth. Their high-speed processing capabilities are essential for maintaining secure and efficient communication links across the immense distances of space.

Spacecraft Control Systems

FPGAs are an important part of various units on-board of a satellite, for example, controlling the operation of navigation, AOCS and power conditioning and distribution units. To ensure mission success and spacecraft functionality, these systems require precise, real-time decision making provided by FPGAs.

Longevity and flexibility

One of the stand-out advantages of FPGAs is their reprogrammable nature. Engineers can update or reconfigure systems after launch, giving the spacecraft the ability to adapt to unexpected challenges or extended mission capabilities. For long-duration missions, this flexibility can be the deciding factor between success and failure.

Advancements and future trends

Advancements in FPGA technology are pushing the boundaries of what is possible, delivering improved radiation tolerance and greater computational power to meet the needs of increasingly complex missions.

Radiation-Hardened Designs

A key focus in FPGA innovation is developing radiation-hardened technology capable of withstanding the harsh conditions of space. Manufacturers are crafting space-ready FPGAs with radiation-tolerant architectures and advanced shielding methods to ensure reliability in harsh environments.

Some of those FPGAs feature built-in triple modular redundancy (TMR) and self-correcting capabilities at hardware level, reducing reliance on external mitigation techniques. These enhancements allow engineers to create more robust and efficient systems without sacrificing performance or flexibility.

AI and Machine Learning integration

An emerging trend with transformative potential is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into space FPGAs. By embedding these capabilities, FPGAs can enable real-time anomaly detection, adaptive navigation or dynamic mission planning. These advancements are important for long-duration missions to deep-space, where human intervention is not possible.
Also, AI-enabled FPGAs can make advanced data analysis onboard, reducing the need to transmit large amounts of data back to Earth, while conserving bandwidth and accelerating the time-to-insight for critical mission data.

Standardization and Miniaturization

The growing trend toward smaller satellites and satellite constellations is driving a transformation in FPGA technology. These powerful chips are becoming increasingly compact and modular, perfectly aligning with the needs of modern space applications. At the same time, efforts to standardize FPGA designs are picking up speed, opening the door to more seamless integration and collaboration across the industry.

Standardized, interoperable components are simplifying the development processes, cutting costs, and speeding up deployment timelines, making it easier than ever to launch innovative technologies. This shift is not just making space missions more efficient, it is unlocking new possibilities for a wider range of missions and players in the space exploration ecosystem.

AROBS Polska

AROBS Polska is a Polish company, specialized in developing technologies and products for optical and quantum communication, data storage and processing, control of satellite mechanisms and instruments. Working closely with the European Space Agency and other companies from the commercial sector, the company has been involved in various projects in the European space industry, over the last few years.

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The project addresses a specific need that has been identified for future Active Debris Removal (ADR) and In-Orbit Servicing (IOS) missions for a qualified control unit capable of interfacing with several sensors and imagers and with sufficient processing power and memory capacity to perform a variety of critical high-data rate functions, including image processing, relative navigation, and robotics control, as well as supporting functions such as image compression. This activity aims to develop a generic, flexible control unit for close proximity operations in Low Earth Orbit. The controller is foreseen as the core unit providing the necessary monitoring and control functions during the critical close proximity operations phase, including rendezvous and capture. This generic unit will support a variety of use cases and architectures without the need for nonrecurrent engineering and/or delta qualification.

Voicu Oprean, CEO of AROBS Group, stated: “I am proud that our  Polish and Romanian Aerospace Engineering teams have been granted the opportunity to participate in the CRIMSON project, funded by the European Space Agency (ESA). This project aligns perfectly with our vision at AROBS Group —pioneering advancements that contribute to a cleaner and safer space environment. I look forward to seeing our teams innovate and excel in this endeavor.”

AROBS Polska and AROBS Engineering took up the challenge of developing a generic solution that will fit into future Low Earth Orbit missions, providing a modular, redundant, scalable Control Unit. The major challenge is acknowledging and foreseeing spacecraft integrators’ needs in the design. Before closing the low-level requirements for software, hardware and programmable logic, the partners will meet several European integrators to present the preliminary architecture of the device and gather valuable feedback.

“The project is a consequence of our long-term strategy in developing highly reliable and innovative solutions. Within the strategy vision we are taking part in projects which support sustainable space business development and clean space is one of these elements. The CRIMSON project will allow us to support missions aiming at active removal of space debris and satellite in-orbit servicing. Thanks to great cooperation within AROBS Group, we can build self-standing products and assure interoperability along different technologies,” stated Michał Szwajewski, CEO of AROBS Polska.

AROBS Group, through AROBS Engineering team in Romania, has a 12+ years of experience building on-board application and platform software for various space payloads and systems.

In this project, the team will leverage their expertise on image processing and image-based navigation, by implementing and benchmarking a demo set of image processing algorithms that will acquire and process real-time images from emulated WAC(Wide Angle Camera)/NAC (Narrow Angle Camera) sources. The algorithms will compose mathematical results and will provide input to a demo-level GNC (guidance, navigation and control) software module.

Cosmin Stanciu, Business Group Manager, AROBS Engineering, remarked: “The project represents a significant step forward in our capabilities within the aerospace sector, as this is our first HW&SW solution for multi-sensor and image based autonomous navigation capabilities for the new satellites families. Our focus is on creating a product that meets the evolving needs of the space industry while ensuring high performance and reliability. As we progress, our expertise in embedded software development and aerospace technology will lead us to success in this groundbreaking project.”

ADR and IOS missions require high onboard autonomy and intelligence to perform critical close proximity operations, which require complex processing functions, such as relative navigation and image processing, and robotic capture system control. Until now, these functions have been performed by dedicated control units, specifically designed for each mission and requiring a great deal of nonrecurrent engineering and dedicated qualification effort. This is due to the differences in the mission avionics architectures and the variety of sensors that are used in each mission. Such dedicated developments come with high costs and increased risks that must be managed and mitigated by each mission. By developing CRIMSON as a Generic unit, the recurring costs for future missions will be significantly reduced.

About AROBS Transilvania Software

AROBS Transilvania Software provides software services and solutions in various industries, having approximately 70 partners of the Software Services business line located in Europe and America and more than 11.000 clients of the Software Products business lines from Europe and Asia. AROBS is present in 11 locations in Romania and nine abroad, and over 1.300 AROBS specialists build solutions for the future in embedded – Automotive, Aerospace, Maritime, and Medical – as well as Travel Technology, IoT, Clinical Trials, Fintech, Enterprise Solutions, Cybersecurity, and Intelligent Automation.

More about the AROBS group: www.arobs.com and www.arobsgrup.ro .

About AROBS Polska

AROBS Polska is a Polish company specializing in developing products and technologies for quantum and optical communication, data storage and processing, and control of satellite mechanisms and instruments. The company develops technologies and products for the European Space Agency (ESA) and the commercial space sector. Over the years, the company has been involved in numerous projects in the European aerospace sector, including with representatives of the new space market.

More details about AROBS Polska: https://arobs.pl/

About AROBS Engineering

AROBS Engineering provides premium embedded software development services to clients in 15 countries in Europe and North America. The company’s client portfolio comprises globally significant aerospace, medical, maritime, and industrial IoT players.

More details about AROBS Engineering: https://arobs.com/arobs-engineering/

Photo credit ESA, ESA Standard Licence, https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2013/04/Active_debris_removal

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COTS FPGA Technology for Onboard Switching

This project, commissioned by the European Space Agency (ESA), focuses on designing and building network switches capable of transmitting data at 100 Gbit/s per differential pair. We are utilizing and verifying the latest FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) Network-on-Chip (NOC) products from Achronix and Xilinx to achieve this. These technologies were previously used only in ground-based data centres. When the objective of our activity is successfully achieved, they will undergo a strict space qualification process.

Our team performed an outstanding job and passed the PDR checkpoint with flying colors. This phase focused on preparing the FPGA architecture and design coding, followed closely by verification. COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) FPGA technology is playing a growing role in onboard switching for high-speed optical satellites. As we enter the “detailed design” phase, we have already set our minds on the final tests.

A big congratulations to Przemyslaw Radzik (Project Manager), Dawid Linowski (Lead FPGA Engineer), and Szymon Kałużyński (FPGA Engineer) for their outstanding work on this project.

About HydRON and High-Speed Optical Satellites

This technology is crucial for the HydRON program, which aims to establish “Fiber in the Sky”—an ultra-fast optical network for satellite communication. This network would be similar to fiber optic cables on Earth, but it would connect satellites and other spacecrafts in space.

This network would connect high-speed optical satellites and objects in space, enabling improved internet speeds compared to current systems. It is still under development, focusing on building a demonstration system to test its feasibility. ESA collaborates with industry partners to develop necessary technologies.

AROBS Polska and advanced technology

Our expertise in cutting-edge areas like optical communication makes us a key player in developing the future of high-speed space networks. For this project, we’re explicitly tackling the challenge of designing and building ultra-high-throughput network switches.

This is not the limit of our capability. Our commitment to participate in creating the future of space takes our expertise to all kinds of frontiers:

From laser ranging to quantum key distribution, we tackle multiple forms of advanced space technology with great potential for other industries. Contact us today to see how we can help you achieve your goals. We know they are ambitious. So are we.

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