Latest posts on my Blogger blog 29/4/25

For more of these summaries, you can search this blog for “Latest posts on my Blogger blog”, or click this search link

Here are some links to my most recent posts on my Blogger blog, where I am able to use MathJax.

Currently I mostly write posts on my Blogger blog, and then link to them from this WordPress blog.

I’ll periodically post updates on this blog, with links and brief descriptions.

The latest series of posts is about the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Before that there was a post about measures, outer measures and measurable sets which I hope to follow up on once I have caught up on some urgent tasks.

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Latest posts on my Blogger blog 16/3/24

For more of these summaries, you can search this blog for “Latest posts on my Blogger blog”, or directly see https://explainingmaths.wordpress.com/?s=%22Latest+posts+on+my+Blogger+blog%22

Here are some links to my most recent posts on my Blogger blog, where I am able to use MathJax.

I’ll periodically post updates on this blog, with links and brief descriptions.

Continue reading

Latest posts on my Blogger blog 11/3/24

For more of these summaries, you can search this blog for “Latest posts on my Blogger blog”, or directly see https://explainingmaths.wordpress.com/?s=%22Latest+posts+on+my+Blogger+blog%22

Here are some links to my most recent posts on my Blogger blog, where I am able to use MathJax.

I’ll periodically post updates on this blog, with links and brief descriptions.

Continue reading

Latest posts on my Blogger blog 18/2/24

For more of these summaries, you can search this blog for “Latest posts on my Blogger blog”, or directly see https://explainingmaths.wordpress.com/?s=%22Latest+posts+on+my+Blogger+blog%22

Here are some links to my most recent posts on my Blogger blog, where I am able to use MathJax.

I’ll periodically post updates on this blog, with links and brief descriptions.

Continue reading

Latest posts on my Blogger blog 26/12/23

For more of these summaries, you can search this blog for “Latest posts on my Blogger blog”, or directly see https://explainingmaths.wordpress.com/?s=%22Latest+posts+on+my+Blogger+blog%22

Here are some links to my most recent posts on my Blogger blog, where I am able to use MathJax.

I’ll periodically post updates on this blog, with links and brief descriptions.

DateTitle and linkDescription
24/10/23Converses and negationsDiscussion of some specific examples to help understand the difference between converse and negation
24/10/23Discussion of the proof that the uniform norm really is a normA detailed proof that the uniform really is a norm, including some comments and warnings on possible pitfalls along the way
23/12/23Connectedness of unionsDiscussion of a standard result concerning unions of connected sets, relevant to the theory of connected components of topological spaces
24/12/23Totally bounded metric spacesDiscussion of the fact that a metric space X is totally bounded if and only if every sequence in X has a Cauchy subsequence. Also some initial discussion of uniformly separated sequences.
25/12/23Sequences that have no Cauchy subsequencesDiscussion of the fact that a sequence in a metric space has a Cauchy subsequence if and only if it has a subsequence which has no uniformly separated subsequence. Thus a sequence in a metric space has no Cauchy subsequence if and only if every subsequence has a uniformly separated subsequence.
25/12/23The Christmas EquationTaking a short break from total boundedness and Cauchy sequences, this is a repost of some funny maths I saw on QI a few years ago
25/12/23Total boundedness for countable metric spacesSome musings on the special case of countably infinite metric spaces. Not particularly conclusive! But there are various reformulations of the results above, and a note that imposing a well-order enables us to do without the usual sequence of choices. Also some discussion of uniformly separated subsets.
26/12/23Conclusions on Totally Bounded metric spaces and Cauchy sequencesA summary of all the facts from the posts above, relating total boundness, uniformly separated sequences and subsets, and Cauchy subsequences

Converses and negations

One of our first-year students asked (on Piazza) whether converse and negation were the same thing. One of my colleagues explained the differences in terms of propositional logic. I added some comments afterward to see if some specific examples might help. I don’t know whether this helped or not! See below for what I said.

This post is available from my Blogger blog at
https://explaining-maths.blogspot.com/2023/10/converses-and-negations.html
Alternatively, a PDF of that post is available for viewing or downloading below.

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Revisiting liminf and limsup

My recent series of posts about Fatou’s Lemma for sums was aimed primarily at mathematics students at 3rd-year undergraduate level or above. So I think I should write a post more suitable for first-year undergraduate students. So I’m going to have another look at the topic of \liminf and \limsup for bounded sequences of real numbers (though most of what I say can be generalised to sequences, or even nets, of extended real numbers).

This post is available from my Blogger blog at
https://explaining-maths.blogspot.com/2023/08/revisiting-liminf-and-limsup.html
Alternatively, a PDF of that post is available for viewing or downloading below.

See also my earlier post
An application of absorption to teaching lim inf and lim sup (sequences)

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New WordPress email template

I recently received a notification from WordPress that they had updated the template used for sending emails out to subscribers to WordPress blogs.

See https://wordpress.com/blog/2022/05/19/your-website-looks-great-so-should-your-emails/

I am curious to see how a bit of maths looks like in the new email template. So I should write something. (I’m subscribed to my own blog so I’ll see what the email looks like!)

I have a draft somewhere of something I was going to write about characteristic functions, counting and the inclusion/exclusion principle. Ah I see I already published Part 1 at

But I hadn’t had time to add the follow-up yet. So here is a sneak preview!

Another observation which can be helpful is the following. Suppose that s and t are elements of \{0,1\}. Then s-t \in \{-1,0,1\}, and this will be even even if and only if it is zero, i.e., if and only if s=t. In terms of modular arithmetic, working modulo 2, for s and t in \{0,1\}, we have

s=t \Leftrightarrow s \equiv t~~(\mathrm{mod}~2)\,.

Here the forward implication is trivial, but the backward implication uses the restriction on s and t.

Since characteristic functions only take the values 0 or 1, we have the following extension of the above. Let A and B be subsets of X. Then (I must find a better way to write multiline LaTeX with alignment in WordPress! Perhaps they allow this by now and I just haven’t noticed?)

A = B \Leftrightarrow \chi_A = \chi_B

\Leftrightarrow for all x \in X, we have \chi_A(x)=\chi_B(x)

\Leftrightarrow for all x \in X, we have \chi_A(x)\equiv\chi_B(x)~~(\mathrm{mod}~2)\,.

Here it is convenient to bring in some new terminology to save some writing.

Let f and g be integer-valued functions defined on $X$. We say that f is congruent to g modulo 2, and write f \equiv g ~~(\mathrm{mod}~2) if (and only if), for all x \in X, we have

f(x)\equiv g(x) ~~(\mathrm{mod}~2)\,.

In other words, we require f(x)-g(x) to be even for all x \in X.

To be continued!

Captions for Measure Theory and Beyond Infinity

After a long break, I have returned to correcting the subtitles/captions for some of my older videos!

I think that there is a convention that captions are for the same language, and subtitles are for a different language. (If that’s right then the people who published lots of my videos in China have provided English captions and Chinese subtitles.)

I started with making minor corrections to the captions for the Virtually Nottingham edition of Beyond Infinity (the most recent edition of my talk about Hilbert’s Hotel, with quite a long Q&A session afterwards). It looks like my corrections have been incorporated already, but I don’t yet know whether this was automatic or else very efficient work by a colleague!

Now I’m back to my old Measure Theory videos. You may remember that (perhaps due to a combination of me speaking too fast, and questionable audio quality) there were a lot of very funny errors in the automatically generated captions. I know that I went over the top with that list! But let me reveal some of the answers. (I’ll add some more later when I can remember the answers myself!)

Autogenerated captionsWhat I think I really said (or tried to say)
… et cerebral llamas… extended real numbers
… topology or eggs… topology on X
… bomb umbrella sets… non-Borel sets

Of course, I keep finding more, but I’ll resist posting most of them (unless more are requested).

Still, I just can’t resist telling you that “the Bogan’s robots” are supposed to be de Morgan’s laws!

I’ll let you know when the new versions of the Measure Theory videos with captions are released on YouTube.