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Fixes [Ability to change RangeSlider
padding](flutter#165046)

Add ability to override default padding so the `RangeSlider` can fit
better in a layout.

### Code sample

<details>
<summary>expand to view the code sample</summary> 

```dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() => runApp(const MyApp());

class MyApp extends StatefulWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  @OverRide
  State<MyApp> createState() => _MyAppState();
}

class _MyAppState extends State<MyApp> {
  RangeValues _sliderValues = const RangeValues(0.0, 1.0);

  @OverRide
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {

    return MaterialApp(
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
      theme: ThemeData(
        sliderTheme: const SliderThemeData(
          // padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 4),
          thumbColor: Colors.red,
          inactiveTrackColor: Colors.amber,
        ),
      ),
      home: Scaffold(
        body: Directionality(
          textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
          child: Center(
            child: Card(
              shape: const RoundedRectangleBorder(
                borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(4.0)),
              ),
              color: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.surfaceContainerHighest,
              margin: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 16.0),
              child: Padding(
                padding: const EdgeInsetsDirectional.all(16),
                child: Column(
                  mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
                  children: [
                    const Placeholder(fallbackHeight: 100.0),
                    RangeSlider(
                      values: _sliderValues,
                      onChanged: (RangeValues values) {
                        setState(() {
                          _sliderValues = values;
                        });
                      },
                    ),
                    const Placeholder(fallbackHeight: 100.0),
                  ],
                ),
              ),
            ),
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

```

</details>

### Before
(Cannot adjust default `RangeSlider` padding to fill the horizontal
space in a `Column` and reduce the padded height)


<img width="862" alt="Screenshot 2025-03-17 at 17 08 35"
src="proxy.php?url=https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/8786f2a5-5383-4611-b025-2151bc0f9fa7"
/>


### After 
Can adjust default `RangeSlider` padding via `SliderThemeData,padding`
or `RangeSlider.padding`)

<img width="862" alt="Screenshot 2025-03-17 at 17 08 26"
src="proxy.php?url=https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/38a34cf1-a372-4160-9189-aa4133582b0a"
/>


## Pre-launch Checklist

- [x] I read the [Contributor Guide] and followed the process outlined
there for submitting PRs.
- [x] I read the [Tree Hygiene] wiki page, which explains my
responsibilities.
- [x] I read and followed the [Flutter Style Guide], including [Features
we expect every widget to implement].
- [x] I signed the [CLA].
- [x] I listed at least one issue that this PR fixes in the description
above.
- [x] I updated/added relevant documentation (doc comments with `///`).
- [x] I added new tests to check the change I am making, or this PR is
[test-exempt].
- [ ] I followed the [breaking change policy] and added [Data Driven
Fixes] where supported.
- [x] All existing and new tests are passing.

If you need help, consider asking for advice on the #hackers-new channel
on [Discord].

<!-- Links -->
[Contributor Guide]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#overview
[Tree Hygiene]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md
[test-exempt]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#tests
[Flutter Style Guide]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Style-guide-for-Flutter-repo.md
[Features we expect every widget to implement]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Style-guide-for-Flutter-repo.md#features-we-expect-every-widget-to-implement
[CLA]: https://cla.developers.google.com/
[flutter/tests]: https://github.com/flutter/tests
[breaking change policy]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#handling-breaking-changes
[Discord]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Chat.md
[Data Driven Fixes]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Data-driven-Fixes.md

…lutter/flutter#165317)

…lutter/flutter#165317)

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