!function(){try{var e="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{};e.SENTRY_RELEASE={id:"substack@538433c"};var t=(new e.Error).stack;t&&(e._sentryDebugIds=e._sentryDebugIds||{},e._sentryDebugIds[t]="12a811e7-12ae-4fa7-9a3c-a3a0aa14bcba",e._sentryDebugIdIdentifier="sentry-dbid-12a811e7-12ae-4fa7-9a3c-a3a0aa14bcba")}catch(e){}}();"use strict";(self.webpackChunksubstack=self.webpackChunksubstack||[]).push([["33635"],{94285:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{A:()=>i});let i={root:"root-ke3ITh",theme_error:"theme_error-EdHJ89",themeError:"theme_error-EdHJ89",xs:"xs-u94A3p",sm:"sm-rkc_jb",md:"md-FWdzy4",icon:"icon-JVHTJb",theme_accent:"theme_accent-BLPCPx",themeAccent:"theme_accent-BLPCPx",theme_success:"theme_success-K1reIy",themeSuccess:"theme_success-K1reIy",theme_select:"theme_select-db4cFz",themeSelect:"theme_select-db4cFz",theme_highlight:"theme_highlight-c5Va8G",themeHighlight:"theme_highlight-c5Va8G",theme_mono:"theme_mono-w3BrBe",themeMono:"theme_mono-w3BrBe"}},57241:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{A:()=>i});let i={layout:"layout-q5QzAB"}},37266:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{A:()=>i});let i={transition:"transition-vApOKl",mobile:"mobile-v3F3YQ",from:"from-yIK2iV",to:"to-tgOjA4"}},24142:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{A:()=>s});var i=n(69277),r=n(70408),a=n(32641),o=n(4006),l=n(97731),c=n(21076);let s=e=>{var{svgParams:t}=e,n=(0,a._)(e,["svgParams"]);return(0,o.FD)(l.A,(0,r._)((0,i._)({},n),{name:"SubstackIcon",svgParams:(0,i._)({height:1e3,width:1e3,fill:c.vW,stroke:"none"},t),children:[(0,o.Y)("path",{d:"M764.166 348.371H236.319V419.402H764.166V348.371Z"}),(0,o.Y)("path",{d:"M236.319 483.752V813.999L500.231 666.512L764.19 813.999V483.752H236.319Z"}),(0,o.Y)("path",{d:"M764.166 213H236.319V284.019H764.166V213Z"})]}))}},39520:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{L:()=>o});var i=n(38221),r=n.n(i),a=n(17402);function o(e){let{text:t,truncationRules:n,ellipsesText:i}=e,o=(0,a.useRef)(null),[l,c]=(0,a.useState)(t),[s,d]=(0,a.useState)(null);return(0,a.useEffect)(()=>{let e=()=>{if(!o.current||0===n.length)return;o.current.innerText="-";let e=o.current.clientHeight;o.current.innerText=t;let r=Math.round(o.current.clientHeight/e);d(r);let a=n.filter(e=>r>=e.minLines).sort((e,t)=>t.minLines-e.minLines)[0];if(a)if(r>a.truncateTo){let n=e*a.truncateTo,r=0,l=0,s=t.length;for(;r<=s;)l=Math.floor((r+s)/2),o.current.innerText=t.slice(0,l)+i,o.current.clientHeight<=n?r=l+1:s=l-1;o.current.innerText="",c(t.slice(0,s))}else o.current.innerText="",c(t)},a=r()(e,200,{maxWait:200});return e(),window.addEventListener("resize",a),()=>{window.removeEventListener("resize",a),a.cancel()}},[t,n,i]),{truncatedText:l,measureRef:o,lineCount:s}}},53928:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{G1:()=>c,Mz:()=>s,jN:()=>l,ti:()=>a});var i=n(66565),r=n(13022);let a={TRACK_REGISTRATION_SHOWN:"trackRegistrationShown",TRACK_REGISTRATION_COMPLETE:"trackRegistrationComplete",TRACK_PAYWALL_SHOWN:"trackPaywallShown",TRACK_PAYWALL_COMPLETE:"trackPaywallComplete",TRACK_NEWSLETTER_SIGNUP_SHOWN:"trackNewsletterSignupShown",TRACK_NEWSLETTER_SIGNUP_COMPLETE:"trackNewsletterSignupComplete"};function o(){return"undefined"!=typeof window&&!0===(0,r.y0)("chartbeat_enabled")}function l(e,t){var n,i;o()&&"undefined"!=typeof window&&(!function(){if("undefined"==typeof window||window.chartbeat)return;let e=[],t=(t,n)=>{e.push([t,n])};t.q=e,window.chartbeat=t}(),null==(n=(i=window).chartbeat)||n.call(i,e,t))}function c(){var e,t;if("undefined"==typeof window||(null==(t=window._preloads)||null==(e=t.user)?void 0:e.is_subscribed))return;let n=(0,i.zj)();n.properties.chartbeat_registration_sent||n.properties.chartbeat_paywall_complete_sent||(n.properties.chartbeat_registration_sent=!0,l("trackRegistrationComplete"))}function s(e){var t;o()&&"undefined"!=typeof window&&(null==(t=window.pSUPERFLY)||t.virtualPage(e))}},35369:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{$n:()=>b,Bj:()=>A,C3:()=>y,K0:()=>N,Nm:()=>_,az:()=>k,fv:()=>T,mZ:()=>R,vx:()=>w});var i=n(69277),r=n(70408),a=n(32641),o=n(4006),l=n(32485),c=n.n(l),s=n(17402),d=n(84605),u=n(68349),m=n(89490),f=n(76977),p=n(64456),h=n(57820),g=n(63136),v=n(78340);let _=(0,s.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{var{onClick:n,href:l,localNavigation:s,newTab:d,className:f,resetCss:p,state:h,replace:g}=e,_=(0,a._)(e,["onClick","href","localNavigation","newTab","className","resetCss","state","replace"]);let w=l?e=>{n&&(n.call(e.target,e),e.defaultPrevented)||(0,u.V2)(l,{event:e,local_navigation:s,newTab:d,replace:g,state:h})}:n;return(0,o.Y)(m.az,(0,r._)((0,i._)({as:"button",tabIndex:0,type:"button"},_),{ref:t,className:c()("pencraft",f,p&&v.A.buttonBase),onClick:w,"data-href":l}))});function w(e){var{href:t,children:n,newTab:l,localNavigation:s=!0,className:d,resetCss:u,priority:m="primary",size:f="md",rounded:p=!1,leading:h,trailing:g,loading:_}=e,w=(0,a._)(e,["href","children","newTab","localNavigation","className","resetCss","priority","size","rounded","leading","trailing","loading"]);return(0,o.FD)("a",(0,r._)((0,i._)({className:y({className:c()("pencraft",d,u&&v.A.buttonBase),priority:m,size:f,rounded:p,leading:h,trailing:g,loading:_}),href:t,target:l?"_blank":void 0,"data-native":s?"":void 0},w),{children:[_&&(0,o.Y)(k,{priority:m}),h,n,g]}))}function y(e){let{className:t,priority:n,size:i,rounded:r,leading:a,trailing:o,loading:l}=e;return c()(t,v.A.buttonBase,v.A.buttonText,v.A.buttonStyle,v.A["priority_".concat(n)],v.A["size_".concat(i)],r&&v.A.rounded,null!=a&&v.A.hasLeading,null!=o&&v.A.hasTrailing,l&&v.A.loading)}_.displayName="UnstyledButton";let b=(0,s.forwardRef)(function(e,t){var{className:n,priority:l="primary",size:c="md",rounded:s,disabled:d,leading:u,trailing:m,children:f,loading:p}=e,h=(0,a._)(e,["className","priority","size","rounded","disabled","leading","trailing","children","loading"]);return(0,o.FD)(_,(0,r._)((0,i._)({className:y({className:n,priority:l,size:c,rounded:s,leading:u,trailing:m,loading:p}),disabled:d||p,"aria-busy":p?"true":void 0},h),{ref:t,children:[p&&(0,o.Y)(k,{priority:l}),u,f,m]}))}),k=e=>{let{priority:t}=e,{iString:n}=(0,d.GO)();return(0,o.FD)(o.FK,{children:[(0,o.Y)(h.y$,{size:20,className:c()(v.A.buttonSpinner,("primary"===t||"primary-mono"===t||"destructive"===t)&&v.A.spinnerLight)}),(0,o.Y)("span",{className:"sr-only",children:n("Loading")})]})};b.displayName="Button";let A=(0,s.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{var{className:n,priority:l="primary",size:s="md",rounded:d,disabled:u,leading:m,trailing:f,children:p}=e,h=(0,a._)(e,["className","priority","size","rounded","disabled","leading","trailing","children"]);return(0,o.Y)(b,(0,r._)((0,i._)({className:c()(n,v.A.media,d&&v.A.rounded),priority:l,size:s,disabled:u,leading:m,trailing:f,children:p},h),{ref:t}))});A.displayName="MediaButton";let N=(0,s.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{var{className:n,size:l="md",priority:s="secondary",rounded:d=!1,children:u}=e,m=(0,a._)(e,["className","size","priority","rounded","children"]);let f=(0,p.j)(u),h=m["aria-label"]||f;return(0,o.Y)(_,(0,r._)((0,i._)({className:c()(n,v.A.iconButton,v.A.buttonStyle,null!=l&&v.A["size_".concat(l)],s&&v.A["priority_".concat(s)],d&&v.A.rounded),"aria-label":h},m),{ref:t,children:u}))});N.displayName="IconButton";let T=(0,s.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{var{label:n,icon:l,size:s=56,priority:d="secondary",className:u}=e,m=(0,a._)(e,["label","icon","size","priority","className"]);return(0,o.FD)(f.VP,{gap:8,alignItems:"center",width:s,children:[(0,o.Y)(_,(0,r._)((0,i._)({resetCss:!0,className:c()(u,v.A.buttonStyle,d&&v.A["priority_".concat(d)]),display:"flex",justifyContent:"center",alignItems:"center",width:s,height:s,radius:"lg",overflow:"hidden",position:"relative",animate:!0,"aria-label":n},m),{ref:t,children:l})),(0,o.Y)(g.EY.B5,{weight:"semibold",color:"primary",textAlign:"center",children:n})]})}),R=(0,s.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{var{className:n,size:l="md",priority:s="primary",children:d}=e,u=(0,a._)(e,["className","size","priority","children"]);let m=(0,p.j)(d),f=u["aria-label"]||m;return(0,o.Y)(N,(0,r._)((0,i._)({className:c()(n,v.A.media,v.A["size_".concat(l)],v.A["priority_".concat(s)]),size:l,priority:s,"aria-label":f},u),{ref:t,children:d}))});R.displayName="MediaIconButton"},48028:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{I:()=>m});var i=n(69277),r=n(4006),a=n(38390),o=n(32485),l=n.n(o),c=n(17402),s=n(54467),d=n(11510),u=n(18359);let m=(0,c.forwardRef)((e,t)=>{let{children:n,className:o,fullscreenMobile:c,width:m,style:f,onClose:p,disableCloseOnBackdropClick:h,testId:g,initialFocus:v}=e,_=(0,d.Iu)(),w=_&&!c&&p;return(0,r.FD)(a.UC,{forceMount:!0,ref:t,"data-testid":g,className:l()(o,u.A.panel,_&&u.A.mobile,c&&u.A.fullscreenMobile),style:(0,i._)({width:_?void 0:m},f),onOpenAutoFocus:e=>{(null==v?void 0:v.current)&&(e.preventDefault(),v.current.focus())},onCloseAutoFocus:e=>{e.preventDefault()},onPointerDownOutside:e=>{e.preventDefault()},onEscapeKeyDown:e=>{h&&e.preventDefault()},children:[w&&(0,r.Y)(s.D,{close:p}),n]})});m.displayName="ModalPanel"},90460:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{h:()=>r});var i=n(17402);let r=e=>{(0,i.useEffect)(()=>{if(e){let e=setTimeout(()=>{document.body.style.pointerEvents=""},0);return()=>clearTimeout(e)}document.body.style.pointerEvents="auto"},[e])}},28194:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{xB:()=>r}),n(42877),n(54584),n(67734);var i=n(82776);function r(e){let{amount:t,interval:n="",language:r="en",locale:a,isOneOff:o=!1,truncateInterval:l=!1,omitInterval:c=!1}=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=(0,i.centsToPriceString)(null!=t?t:e.amount,e.currency,{locale:a});if("forever"!==e.interval){let t=n||e.interval,{iPlural:i,iString:a}=I18N.i(r);if(o||c)return s;if(3===e.interval_count){if("day"===t)return a("%1/three days",s);else if("month"===t)return a("%1/three months",s);else if("week"===t)return a("%1/three weeks",s);else if("year"===t)return a("%1/three years",s)}if("day"===t)return i("%2/day","%2/%1 days",e.interval_count,s);if("month"===t)return l?i("%2/mo","%2/%1 mos",e.interval_count,s):i("%2/month","%2/%1 months",e.interval_count,s);if("week"===t)return i("%2/week","%2/%1 weeks",e.interval_count,s);else if("year"===t)return l?i("%2/yr","%2/%1 yrs",e.interval_count,s):i("%2/year","%2/%1 years",e.interval_count,s)}return s}},18947:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{D0:()=>h,Er:()=>u,FC:()=>g,I_:()=>p,MG:()=>_,T8:()=>c,XB:()=>v,eX:()=>m,py:()=>f,st:()=>d,ti:()=>s,wu:()=>l});var i=n(69277),r=n(92636),a=n(70189),o=n(41086);function l(e,t){let{noBase:n,edit:o,email:l,comments:c,commentId:s,commentInput:u,highlightComment:m,replyToComment:f,commentContextId:g,uuid:v,urlParams:_,signedIn:w=!1,feedViewer:y=!1,clipId:b}=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},k=t?v?t.uuid:t.slug:null;if((o||!k)&&e&&!e.is_www&&(null==t?void 0:t.id)){let i=n?"":(0,r.$_)(e);return"".concat(i).concat(p(e,t.id,{params:_}))}if((null==t?void 0:t.type)==="restack"&&(null==t?void 0:t.id)){let i=n?"":(0,r.$_)(e);return"".concat(i,"/cp/").concat(t.id)}if(y||!e||!t||!k){let i=n?"":(0,r.$_)();return s?(0,a.RV)(s,{noBase:n,urlParams:_}):t&&b?(0,r.yR)("".concat((0,r.$_)(e),"/p/").concat(t.slug),_):t?(0,a.kG)(t.id,{noBase:n,urlParams:_}):(0,r.yR)("".concat(i,"/"),_)}let A=h(w,e);return d(e,k,{noBase:n,email:l,comments:c,commentId:s,commentInput:u,highlightComment:m,replyToComment:f,commentContextId:g,urlParams:(0,i._)({lli:A},_)})}function c(e){let{pub:t,post:n}=e,i=d(t,n.slug,{noBase:!1});return"".concat(i,"/citation.pdf")}function s(e,t,n){let{isPreview:i=!1}=n;return"".concat((0,r.$_)(e),"/embed/p/").concat(t,"?origin=").concat(window.location.origin).concat(i?"&isPreview=true":"")}function d(e,t){let{noBase:n,forceSubdomain:i,email:a,comments:o,commentId:l,commentInput:c,highlightComment:s,replyToComment:d,commentContextId:u,urlParams:m}=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},f="";return n||(f+=(0,r.$_)(e,{forceSubdomain:i})),f+="/p/".concat(t),o&&(!l||s)&&(f+="/comments"),!l||s||u||(f+="/comment/".concat(l)),a&&(f+="/email"),l&&(s||d)?f+="#comment-".concat(l).concat(d?"-reply":""):c&&(f+="#input"),l&&u&&(f+="/comment/".concat(u,"#comment-").concat(l)),m&&(f=(0,r.yR)(f,m)),f}function u(e,t,n,r){return e&&"profile"===e.homepage_type?(null==n?void 0:n.id)?(0,a.M$)("c-".concat(null==n?void 0:n.id)):(0,a.q$)(e,t):l(e,t,(0,i._)({comments:!0,commentId:null==n?void 0:n.id},r))}function m(e){let{mediaUploadId:t}=e;return"media-".concat(t)}function f(e){let{pub:t,post:n,mediaUploadId:i}=e,r=l(t,n);return"".concat(r,"#").concat(m({mediaUploadId:i}))}function p(e,t){let{params:n,addBase:i}=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},a=i?(0,r.$_)(e):"";return"".concat(a).concat((0,r.yR)("/publish/post/".concat(t),n))}function h(e,t){return t.custom_domain&&e?"1":void 0}function g(e){let{addBase:t,params:n={},signedIn:a,skipToken:l}=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},c=h(a,e),s=t?(0,r.$_)(e):"";if(!(null==n?void 0:n.token)&&!l){var d;n.token="undefined"!=typeof window&&(null==(d=window._preloads)?void 0:d.original_url)?(0,o.y)(window._preloads.original_url,"token"):null}return(0,r.yR)("".concat(s,"/account"),(0,i._)({lli:c},n))}function v(e,t,n,i){return t.post_id?u(null!=n?n:void 0,null!=e?e:void 0,t,i):(0,a.Zg)(t,i)}function _(e){let{postId:t,appTab:n,params:a}=e;return(0,r.yR)("".concat((0,r.qd)(),"/post/").concat(t,"/stats").concat(n?"?tab=".concat(n):""),(0,i._)({},a))}n(39891)},98949:function(e,t,n){n.d(t,{Fr:()=>o,UN:()=>c,aR:()=>s,fJ:()=>l,m0:()=>u,nq:()=>m});let i=/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,r=/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i;function a(){let e="undefined"!=typeof navigator?navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor:void 0;return e||"undefined"==typeof window||(e=window.opera),e}function o(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=a();return!!t&&l(t,e)}function l(e){let{checkFirst4:t}=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return i.lastIndex=0,r.lastIndex=0,!!(i.test(e)||t&&r.test(e.substr(0,4)))}function c(){if("undefined"==typeof navigator)return null;var e=navigator.userAgent;if(!e.match(/iPad/i)&&!e.match(/iPhone/i))return null;let t=e.indexOf("OS ");return -1===t?null:parseInt(e.substr(t+3,3).replace("_","."))||null}function s(){return!!c()}let d=/Android/i;function u(){var e;return"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&(e=navigator.userAgent,d.lastIndex=0,!!e&&d.test(e))}function m(){return function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"";return e.toLowerCase().includes("linkedin")}(a())}}}]);