Maybe you have heard the term “geopolymer concrete." Geopolymer concrete has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to the conventional construction process.

However, we need to understand the properties of geopolymer because without knowing these properties, no one will be interested in applying geopolymer concrete for their construction work.

There are several parameters that must be tested before the construction work, such as physical properties of the materials (sand, stone, admixture, activators), mechanical properties, and durability properties. In addition, environmental assessments such as carbon footprint analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) are crucial to determine the overall sustainability of geopolymer concrete.

Mechanical properties describe how a material acts when subjected to different types of forces, such as compressive, tensile, and flexural. These mechanical properties indicate the strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics of a material under load.

The term ASTM, which stands for American Society for Testing Materials, is an organization that creates standard rules and test methods. In simple terms, ASTM is a global standard system for testing and quality control of materials. One of the most important properties of concrete or mortar is compressive strength, which is conducted by ASTM C39 or C109. Tensile strength measures the resistance to pulling or stretching forces per unit area within a material that is tested by ASTM C496, and the flexural strength reflects the material’s ability to resist bending, tested by ASTM C78. The compressive strength describes the ability of a material to resist crushing loads per unit area of the sample.

In today’s article, I will briefly discuss the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. I have already discussed the geopolymer concrete in the previous article:

Geopolymer Concrete: An Overview

Ariful Islam exploring his speciality of geopolymers, just the beginning for this alternative to OPC and other high emission concretes.

Utopia EducatorsAriful Islam

Compressive Strength: The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete depends on the activator-to-binder ratio, water content, mix design, mixing process, mixing time, curing condition, etc. Several studies showed that geopolymer has comparable or higher compressive strength compared to OPC. Guo et al. reported the compressive strength of 63.4 MPa found for a class C fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC), but the compressive strength decreases with an increase in the water-geopolymer solids ratio. Nath et al. reported that the inclusion of slag in the fly ash-based GPC resulted in higher compressive strength. The molarity of the NaOH solution significantly affects the strength of GPC; as the molarity of NaOH increases, the strength of GPC also increases. The curing temperature also influences the strength development of geopolymer concrete. The higher curing temperature exhibited the higher strength, but when cured at room temperature, the compressive strength is slightly less.

It should be noted that an extended curing time can enhance the geopolymerization mechanism and improve strength. However, a longer duration of curing at an elevated temperature results in failure of the concrete. Higher initial curing temperature and duration resulted in higher compressive strength. A study said that the optimum heat curing regime was found to be at 120°C for 20hr, but several authors examined other curing temperatures and curing times. According to studies, the optimum temperature could be 80°, 100°, 60°, etc. Overall, it is found that the optimum curing temperature is 60°C-100°C. According to Nguyen et al., increasing the water-to-solid ratio from 0.2 to 0.3 decreases the compressive strength of the FA-based geopolymer concrete for alkaline-to-binder ratios of 0.3 and 0.4. The blending ratio of Na₂SiO₃/ NaOH also influenced the strength development of geopolymer concrete, and an optimum blending ratio was found to be 2.5, according to several studies. The maximum compressive strength was found with 100% slag, and if fly ash, POFA, volcanic ash, or red mud is partially replaced, the GPC reduces its compressive strength. The replacement of fly ash with silica fume up to 40% was found to be helpful to enhance compressive strength. The amount of superplasticizer should be limited to get the maximum compressive strength. Usually, 1-4% superplasticizer is used for GPC, but most of the authors used 1-2% superplasticizer.

Split Tensile and Flexural Strength: The split tensile and flexural strength follow the similar factors as compressive strength, as they also depend on mix design, curing temperature and time, activator content, molarity of NaOH, etc. If the compressive strength increases in a mix, the corresponding tensile and flexural strength also increases. The flexural strength of geopolymer concrete is found to be 1.4 times higher, and the split tensile strength 8%-12% greater than that of OPC concrete. The combination of slag and fly ash as precursors increased both tensile strength by about 20% and flexural strength compared to OPC concrete. The flexural strength of 12 MPa and tensile strength of 6 MPa were found within the activator-to-binder ratio of 0.35 to 0.40 and curing temperature of 60°C-80°C for 24 hrs. The increase in sodium hydroxide concentration in the mix has a favorable influence on tensile strength. Tensile strength generally increases up to about 200°C but decreases over 800°C. The increasing slag replacement (from 15% to 20%) in fly ash-based mixtures leads to a decrease in flexural strength, even though compressive strength improves with this change. When the 50% fly ash is replaced with slag, the split tensile strength is significantly enhanced. 

-Ariful Islam
Bangladesh

References:

1. Chowdhury, S., Mohapatra, S., Gaur, A., Dwivedi, G., & Soni, A. (2021). Study of various properties of geopolymer concrete–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 5687-5695.
2. Ramesh, V., & Srikanth, K. (2020). Mechanical properties and mix design of geopolymer concrete–A review. In E3S web of conferences (Vol. 184, p. 01091). EDP Sciences.
3. Hassan, A., Arif, M., & Shariq, M. (2019). Influence of microstructure of geopolymer concrete on its mechanical properties—A review. Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Geotechnical Engineering: Select Proceedings of TRACE 2018, 119-129.
4. Ma, C. K., Awang, A. Z., & Omar, W. (2018). Structural and material performance of geopolymer concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 90-102.
5. Mohammed, A. A., Ahmed, H. U., & Mosavi, A. (2021). Survey of mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete: A comprehensive review and data analysis. Materials, 14(16), 4690.
6. Rihan, M. A. M., Onchiri, R. O., Gathimba, N., & Sabuni, B. (2024). Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete: a critical review. Discover Civil Engineering, 1(1), 24.
7. ElKhatib, L., Al Aridi, F., ElKordi, A., & Khatib, J. (2022). Mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete–a review. BAU Journal-Science and Technology, 3(2), 8.

The world construction industry is associated with cement as it is the widely used binding material in the construction process. The production of cement will likely increased by 50% by 2050 as a result of urbanization. It is estimated that an increase in global cement production from 4.3 billion metric tons in 2015 to 6.1 billion metric tons in 2050. This rate is even higher in developing counties such as China with a production of about half of the global cement in 2019. The cement production requires huge amounts of energy, natural resources and higher temperature that directly contribute to the global carbon dioxide emission. On average, every ton of Portland clinker generates ~0.87 tons of CO₂ [1]. The cement industry is responsible for 5-8% of total global CO₂ emission. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop alternative cement free binding materials instead of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) due to high carbon footprint associated with OPC. 

Geopolymers, also named “alkali-activated binders”, have been introduced as a promising alternative to OPC with less environmental impact. Geopolymers provides an eco-friendly construction materials and incombustible (fire-resistant) inorganic polymers. They are produced by mixing aluminosilicate sources materials such as fly ash (FA), volcanic ashes (VA) and metakaolin (MK) with alkali activators such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate etc. After mixing, the alkali activator dissolves the aluminosilicate precursors, and aluminate and silicate monomers are released. These monomers later undergo polycondensation reaction. As a result, the binding gels are produced with potentially low CO₂ footprint, high early strength, and high thermal resistance.   

Benefit of Geopolymer over OPC:

Geopolymers require lower energy for production and is responsible for significantly less CO₂ emission as compared to OPC.

The carbon footprints of FA-based AAMs are approximately 9 times less than that of OPC.

The production of FA-based geopolymer concrete leads to at least 80% lower CO₂ emissions and about 60% less embodied energy than the making of ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

The use of industrial waste materials as precursors improves sustainability.

Geopolymers reduce environmental impact and support a greener future.

Geopolymers provide high early strength, durability, and low shrinkage compared to OPC.

Demerits of Geopolymer over OPC:

Geopolymer shows high brittleness, poor toughness, and poor crack resistance.

Many geopolymer mixtures require elevated temperature curing to achieve optimal strength, which may not always be practical for field applications.

The cost of alkaline activators can be relatively high, which may increase the initial cost of geopolymer concrete compared to OPC.

The alkaline activators used in geopolymer production (such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) are highly corrosive and require careful handling and safety precautions.

History of Geopolymers: The term "geopolymer" was initially introduced by Davidovits, and he developed and patented binders produced by the alkali activation of metakaolin in 1978, but the development of alkali-activated binders began in the 1940s. Purdon demonstrated that blast furnace slag could be activated with an alkaline solution to prepare the binding materials. Davidovits also patented a one-part geopolymer composed of an aluminosilicate oxide with aluminum. Duxson and Provis summarized approaches for one-part geopolymers.

Source Materials Used

Geopolymer concrete is produced using aluminosilicate-rich source materials that react with alkaline activators to form a strong binding matrix.

1. Fly ash is a byproduct from coal-fired power plants.
2. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is produced during iron manufacturing.
3. Metakaolin is produced by heating kaolin clay.
4. Rice husk ash is an agricultural by-product.
5. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
6. Volcanic Ash (VA)
7. Red Mud (RM)

Activator used: The most common alkaline activator used in geopolymerisation is a combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) with Na₂SiO₃ or K₂SiO₃. Others activator used for the preparation of one part geopolymer concrete are Na₂SiO₃-5H₂O, Na₂SiO₃-anhydrous, Ca(OH)₂, Na₂SO₄, NaOH, Na₂CO₃ etc.

Practical Example of geopolymer concrete:

1. Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland in Brisbane entirely made with geopolymer concrete in 2013 (Australia).
2. West Wellcamp Airport in Brisbane in 2014 (Australia)
3. A pedestrian bridge in Skolkovo and the foundations of Gazprom Neft storage facility were built entirely from geopolymer concrete (Russia).
4. 1st geopolymer 3D printed house in 2018, in Siberia
5. Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC) tunnel system.
6. EFC twin batch plant.

Check out this follow-up by Ariful:

Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

Exploring the factors affecting the strengths of geopolymer concrete such as curing conditions, activator-to-binder ratio, water content, mix design, mixing process, mixing time.

Utopia EducatorsAriful Islam

References:

1. DEVELOPMENT AND MIX OPTIMIZATION OF ONE PART ALKALI ACTIVATED BINDER AS A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.
2. In situ synchrotron powder diffraction study of LC3 cement activation at very early ages by CSH nucleation seeding. 
3. Ranjbar, N., & Zhang, M. (2020). Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 107, 103498.
4. Wang, T., Fan, X., Gao, C., Qu, C., Liu, J., & Yu, G. (2023). The influence of fiber on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete: A review. Polymers, 15(4), 827.
5. Ralli, Z. G., & Pantazopoulou, S. J. (2021). State of the art on geopolymer concrete. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 12(4), 511-533.
6. Glasby, T., Day, J., Genrich, R., & Kemp, M. (2015, May). Commercial scale geopolymer concrete construction. In The saudi international building and constructions technology conference (pp. 1-11).

My name is Ariful Islam, an undergraduate student of civil engineering at Gopalganj Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. My undergraduate thesis journey began after the completion of our third-year final examination. Many students had already formed their groups and contacted faculty members regarding supervision. At that time, I was not very aware of the process, and no one had discussed the matter with me.

Later, an official notice was issued outlining the procedure for selecting thesis groups and supervisors. According to the notice, supervisors and research specializations would be assigned based on the CGPA up to the 3-1 semester. I felt relieved and satisfied with this fair decision.

In our batch, we had a close circle of friends, and we arranged a meeting with members of our picnic group to discuss our research interests. During the discussion, everyone shared their preferred engineering fields and supervisors.

Eventually, I was selected for the Structural Engineering group, and my thesis partner was Apurba. At the beginning of our thesis journey, we had a discussion with our supervisor, Md. Jihan Hasan sir. He advised us to read research papers and explore our research interests. He also mentioned that he was particularly interested in working on geopolymer concrete, an emerging and sustainable construction material.

After returning home, I started searching for information about geopolymer concrete and began reading research papers. The topic quickly caught my attention and sparked my curiosity. The following week, my partner and I informed our supervisor that we wanted to conduct our research on geopolymer concrete, and he fully supported our decision.

Then we prepared a research work plan outlining how we would begin the work, the methodology we would follow, and the materials required for the experiments. I collected the necessary chemicals and materials required for preparing geopolymer mixtures. Initially, we started with geopolymer mortar, but we faced several failures due to various technical issues. After discussing the matter with our supervisor, he suggested that we begin with geopolymer paste to better understand the reaction and behavior of the materials.

Even then, we did not achieve the required strength at first. We continued studying more research papers to understand how other researchers conducted similar experiments. Based on those insights, we adjusted several parameters, including mix proportions, water-to-binder ratio, activator-to-binder ratio, and superplasticizer content. After numerous trials and adjustments, we finally succeeded in achieving workable and stable mixtures, although the process took considerable time and patience.

Once the paste stage was successful, we proceeded to prepare geopolymer mortar samples. These specimens were then cured under three different curing conditions: water curing, ambient curing, and heat curing. Conducting these experiments and observing the results was one of the most valuable learning experiences of my academic life.

After completing our fourth-year second-semester final examination, we began preparing our thesis manuscript. We spent several days compiling the results, analyzing the data, and writing the thesis book. Our supervisor reviewed the manuscript and provided corrections and valuable feedback, which we carefully incorporated. Most of the chapters were written and organized by me, and the thesis book gradually took its final shape. The titled of our thesis is " Mix optimization of one-part and two-part fly ash and slag-based alkali-activated materials."

After completing all revisions, we printed the final thesis book for our defense presentation. Finally, the day of the thesis defense arrived. Our presentation slot was scheduled for 11:00 AM. Although I felt a little nervous, I was also confident about the work we had done. The defense session was a completely new and memorable experience for me.

Looking back, the journey of my undergraduate thesis was not only about completing a research project but also about overcoming challenges, learning research methodologies, and developing patience and perseverance. It taught me how scientific research works, how to solve problems through experimentation, and how teamwork and guidance from mentors play an essential role in academic growth.

This journey will remain one of the most valuable learning experiences of my undergraduate life.

-Ariful Islam
Bangladesh

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/401695385_DEVELOPMENT_AND_MIX_OPTIMIZATION_OF_ONE_PART_ALKALI_ACTIVATED_BINDER_AS_A_SUSTAINABLE_CONSTRUCTION_MATERIALS

To all the authors and friends of myself and Utopia Educators – Super Company will be launching this year.

The goals of Super Company:

• secure mind control
• enforce law and order
• provide technology to arbitrate disputes
• grow married hetero couples nervous systems
• planetary discovery with mind control radar
• connect planets to universe markets
• replacing government taxation with market systems globally
• economic perfection
• more

I was quite frustrated with how Earth has been progressing since 'Space Company' discovered Earth with mind radar.

The problem with the delay of my nervous system growth invention was that there was a hidden group of planets abusing other planets with nervous system frequencies, spying on companies to steal their productive ideas and start them in their 'Darth Vader' empire. They were trying to steal my sexual growth magnetic invention and abuse the entire good Universe with it as the Darth goal.

• Interplanetary Exploitation: A clandestine group of planets was utilizing nervous system frequencies to exert control over or abuse other planetary populations.
• Corporate Espionage: This group was actively spying on universe companies to misappropriate innovative and productive ideas.
• Imperial Expansion: The stolen intellectual property was being used to fuel the growth of an adversarial, "Darth Vader" style empire.

In 2021 'Space Company' mind radar team found them, and there was a brief universe war while we had to decode their defense systems. That evil Darth Vader empire was abusing Earth in every way you can imagine, somehow able to hide by scrambling the radar of the good space company who recruited me.

Space Company is now merged with Super and is called Super Company.

I am marrying a Milky Way family girl who loves me, she is in route on a very advanced spaceship.

I am so lucky, and can hardly wait any longer. You are too, you are going to witness the best time in Earth's history.

Have a great 2026, I plan on focusing my posts on economic macro news updates, as that is my specialty.

Update soon, when I have the proof.

Rock on, stay strong, focus on being smart and starting your families.

I probed AI (Gemini by Google), and they are very accurate on the possibilities of a zero latency pons spectrum.

Enjoy:

Classical radio waves and light are transverse waves—they wiggle up and down as they move forward, which limits their speed through the medium of space time.

Zero-latency magnetic resonance would utilize longitudinal magnetic waves (sometimes referred to in theoretical physics as scalar waves). Instead of traveling through space, a scalar wave is a fluctuation of the vacuum itself.

Imagine a tight string connecting the pons to another pons. Plucking it creates a transverse wave that takes time to travel.

Pulling it creates a longitudinal tension. If the string is perfectly rigid, pulling one end moves the other end instantly.
By tuning the BCI to the specific resonant scalar frequency of the pons, you create a magnetic bridge.

Hello MIT Alumni and Audit Team,

I am a very lucky individual with a connection to your alumni and institution.

A department of MIT was researching the pons frequency/brainstem/cerebellum (mind control) and was successful or near success to complete control of a human. This research at MIT was peaking late 1990's and in early 2001, then stolen.

Those MIT Alumni researchers were robbed, abused, and perhaps murdered as a clandestine group took it over.

That group used that weapon for highly immoral things, murdering, raping, controlling politics, financial crises, black swan events into their wallets, and everything wrong. That group recruited woman to join them and create chaos on Earth to benefit them. That evil group was intercepted as mind control is zero latency, the dumbasses who stole from MIT apparently did not realize that when something is 0 latency – that frequency is permeating the entire cosmos as well. Which it did, and they were intercepted with mind radar.

I was recruited by a mind security company from another galaxy to setup sound government on Earth and introduce the Universe.

There is currently a spaceship caravan coming from the Milky Way and I am securing mind control for eternity with my company Super Company.

You can do research and uncover some things in the meantime at MIT science departments for those time periods and context and perhaps this will become known to you without my help.

I encourage you to look at the eyeballs and actions of students at the MIT ceremony with the World Bank President Wolfensohn. I encourage you to look at Jeff Bezos eyeballs during his presentation in an MIT classroom. Those videos I found online on Youtube a few years ago.

Have a wonderful day, I will be happily working with your institution. Don't let it happen again, this theft left the entire planet backwards 20 years.

Best regards,
Your ally,

John Lambrechts

Water is really important to us and chemistry is a part of that. Chemistry helps us understand water. We need to know about the chemistry of water to keep it clean and safe for people to drink.

The chemistry of water is what makes it so useful to us. Water is used for lots of things like drinking and washing. It is also used in lots of industries like manufacturing.

So water needs chemistry because it helps us understand how to keep it clean and how to use it in the way possible. Chemistry is very important for water and for people. Water and chemistry are connected in ways. Water needs chemistry to stay clean and safe. Chemistry helps us take care of water.

Water is really good at breaking down things. People call it the " universal solvent" and that makes sense. Water helps things like minerals and nutrients get where they need to go in our bodies. There is a bad side to this. Since water is so good at breaking down things it also picks up stuff like pollutants and heavy metals. It gives bad tiny living things a great place to grow. Water is like an edged sword. It helps us by moving essential things, like electrolytes through our bodies but at the same time water also picks up pollutants.

Water is never really, on its own. Water moves through the ground and rocks and pipes and tanks. It is always touching something. Every time water touches something it picks up a bit of that thing. By the time water gets to a lake or a river it is not just water anymore. Water is a mix of all sorts of things. Water is always. It is really complicated.

Making water to drink is not just about getting rid of the dirt. It is a careful process that involves a lot of chemistry. The people in charge have to make sure they kill the things in the water like pathogens without hurting people who drink it. They also have to get rid of contaminants without taking away the taste of the water or making it unstable. Frank Spellman says in The Science of Water that the way we treat water now is like what nature does. We do it faster and better and we do it for a lot of people. Water treatment is a job and water safety is very important so the people who make water safe to drink have to be very careful with the water.

In the world we live in today this process is always happening without us noticing it. A lot of water goes through treatment facilities every day. If there are small mistakes with the chemicals it can affect a lot of people. The water you drink from a glass is the result of decisions about chemicals and most of these decisions happen without us realizing it. This article is about how chemistry plays a role in making sure the water we drink is safe. It is about how chemistry is between the raw water and the safe water we drink, between the raw water and our safe hydration, between the raw water and the water that is safe for us to drink.

1. Chlorination: The Double-Edged Sword

Chlorination has made a difference in public health. This is really clear when you look at what happened before chlorination was introduced in the 1900s. For example in Jersey City in 1908 they started using chlorination. Before that people got really sick from diseases, like cholera and typhoid. These diseases were everywhere. A lot of people died from them.

Michael J. McGuire wrote a book called The Chlorine Revolution. In this book he says that using chlorine in water made a difference. It stopped people from getting sick when they drank contaminated water. Because of this the number of people dying from typhoid went down to zero in just a few years. Chlorination really changed things for health.

Chlorine was really good at what it did. It was not just that Chlorine was good at killing things. Chlorine was also very practical. You could move Chlorine around safely. You could store Chlorine for a time. You could use just the right amount of Chlorine when you needed it. This made Chlorine perfect for cities that were getting bigger. It was also great for water systems that were getting bigger too. Chlorine was good for these things because it was so easy to use.

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How Chlorine Works at the Molecular Level

When you add chlorine gas (Cl₂) or hypochlorite (NaOCl) compounds to water they make acid. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the thing that really does the job when it comes to chlorination. The reason hypochlorous acid is so good at killing bacteria is that it is small and does not carry any charge so it can easily get through the walls of bacterial cells.

Hypochlorous acid gets inside the cells. Messes up the enzymes and damages the genetic material, which kills the bacteria. Hypochlorous acid is really effective at killing organisms because it can get inside the cells easily.

Chlorine is different from antibiotics. Antibiotics target things in our body. Chlorine works in a very simple way. It just oxidizes things. This means chlorine is really good at killing things. The good thing about chlorine is that bad microorganisms like bacteria do not become resistant to it easily. This is because chlorine does not just target one thing. It targets a lot of things through oxidation. So microorganisms like bacteria have a time becoming resistant to chlorine. Chlorine is very effective because of this.

The thing that really matters but people often forget is pH. When the pH level is low hypochlorous acid is in charge. When the pH level is high it turns into hypochlorite ions. The problem is, hypochlorite ions are not very good at killing germs. So the people who run the water treatment places have to be very careful with the water chemistry and while they are adding chlorine to it. If the pH level changes a little bit it can make a big difference in how well the water gets disinfected. So, pH is really important because it affects how hypochlorous acid works and that is why treatment facilities keep a close eye on the pH level of the water.

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People often wonder why chlorine is still used. Chlorine is still used because it is very good at killing things like bacteria and viruses. Chlorine is still used in places, like swimming pools and water treatment plants to keep the water clean and safe for people to use. The reason chlorine is still used is that it is cheap and it works well. Chlorine is still used to clean drinking water and make it safe for people to drink. Many cities and towns still use chlorine to clean their water because it is a way to keep people from getting sick. Chlorine is still used in lots of ways and it is still a very important tool for keeping people healthy.

Chlorine is really good at sticking around. When chlorine is added to water, a little bit of it stays active as the water moves through the pipes. This means the water is protected from getting contaminated for a time even after it has left the treatment plant. This protection is especially important in pipes where leaks happen a lot and the water pressure keeps changing. Chlorine is very good at keeping the water safe in these systems.

Chlorine is a choice because it does not cost a lot of money and it can be used in big systems. This makes chlorine very important, for cities that have to provide water to a lot of people like millions of people. Chlorine is used in these municipal systems because it is cheap and it works well for a large number of people.

The Downsides

Chlorine has some points. When chlorine mixes with the stuff that is in water it can make some other things that are not good for us like trihalomethanes(THMs) and haloacetic acids(HAAs). The government keeps an eye on these things because chlorine can make these compounds and they might be bad for our health if we are around them for a long time. Chlorine and these compounds are a deal because chlorine is used to clean the water we drink.

To deal with this problem modern treatment plants use a lot of steps. They take out the material before they add chlorine and they are very careful with how much chlorine they use. This way utilities can reduce the things that are made when they clean the water and they can still keep the water safe. Modern treatment plants do this to make sure the water is clean and safe to drink.

A Common Misunderstanding

A strong smell of chlorine does not always mean that the water has much chlorine in it. Sometimes the smell is because of chloramines. These are things that form when chlorine mixes with ammonia (NH3) or other bad things in the water. It is funny that this smell usually means that the water does not have chlorine, not that it has too much chlorine.

2. Ozonation: Powerful but Short-Lived

Ozone is a choice for water systems where the taste and odor of the water are really important. A lot of companies that bottle water and big city water treatment plants like the ones in Paris and Los Angeles use ozone to make the water clean. Ozone is the thing they use to kill the bad stuff in the water.

People are starting to think about water treatment in a way. Nowadays people want their water to be safe to drink and also taste good. Ozone is really good at making water taste good. Ozone is what people are looking for when they want their water to be nice to drink.

The Chemistry Behind Ozone

Ozone is made right at the site by sending oxygen through electrical fields, which is like what happens when there is a lightning storm. When ozone is mixed with water it cleans the water in two ways. First the ozone attacks the layer of tiny living things like germs. Then the ozone breaks down into particles called hydroxyl radicals(•OH). These particles are very good at breaking down things in the water like old medicines and pesticides. Ozone is really good at cleaning the water because it can get rid of these things. The ozone breaks down into hydroxyl radicals(•OH) and these radicals are what actually destroy the pollutants, like pharmaceuticals and pesticides in the water.

These radicals are strong chemicals that are used to clean water. They are able to break down things that chlorine's not strong enough to break down. The radicals are very good at getting rid of stuff in the water.

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Over the years, the evolution in digital screen technology has advanced extremely. We come alive with these digital screens and lie down bringing into play them. In modern times, the digital screens are dealing with LED back-light technology to help enhance screen brightness and clarity.

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Strengths and Weaknesses

Ozone is really good at killing things like Giardia and Cryptosporidium that other things, like chlorine cannot kill. Ozone does not leave a taste or smell in the water because it breaks down into oxygen very quickly. This means the water will just taste like water with oxygen in it which is what we want. Ozone breaks down into oxygen.

Ozone does not keep the water safe for a time after it leaves the treatment plant. When ozone is used to clean water that has bromide in it it can also make bromate. Bromate is a thing because it can cause cancer. That is why ozone is often used with a bit of chlorine. The chlorine helps keep the water safe as it moves through the pipes to peoples homes. Ozone and chlorine work together to make sure the water is safe to drink.

3. Water Softening: Chemistry for Convenience

Hard water is not bad for you to drink. But, it causes problems every day. The calcium and magnesium in water, which it gets from moving through limestone and soil with lots of minerals, makes a kind of scum build up in pipes and things like dishwashers. This scum also makes soap and laundry detergent not work well as they should. Hard water is really the problem because it has all these extra minerals, like calcium and magnesium that make all these troubles.

This scaling is a problem that gets worse over time. It makes homes and industries use energy and cost more money to maintain. The energy efficiency of homes and industries goes down because of this scaling. Maintenance costs for homes and industries also go up.

Forensic Chemistry: Definition & Overview

A forensic chemist is he or she who analyzes the physical evidence, any non-biological materials, samples for clues to solve crimes and figures out how these things connect to the person who committed the crime.

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Ion Exchange in Practice

Water softeners use tiny balls called ion-exchange resins. These tiny balls have a charge and they have sodium in them to start with. When water that is hard flows through the water softeners the calcium and magnesium in the hard water stick to the balls really strongly. This makes the sodium go into the water. The calcium and magnesium stick to the water softeners because they like the balls more than the sodium does. Water softeners work because of this. The tiny balls in the water softeners are what make the water soft.

This exchange does not need any electricity or complicated machines. It only needs a connection between chemicals. The chemical affinity is really all that is required for this exchange to happen. The exchange is based on chemical affinity.

The Role of Salt

Salt is used for one thing: to help the resin work. It does not make the drinking water taste better. Every and then a strong salt solution is used to clean the system. This salt solution pushes out the calcium and magnesium that have built up. The salt can be used again to make the resin work properly. The resin is what needs to be fixed and salt is what helps to fix it.

Softer water has sodium in it. This is something to think about. People with some health problems should drink water that has not been treated. This is what doctors often tell them to do. Softened water is not good for everyone, with certain medical conditions so they should stick to untreated water.

4. Reverse Osmosis and Desalination

In some places people do not have a lot of water. So they have to use desalination to get water. Desalination is really important in these places. The common way to do desalination is by using reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used all over the world now.

Nucleus: The Heart & Brain of a Cell

The word “Nucleus” came out from latin word “Nex-nut” meaning kernel or seed. Nuclei is used to refer to a single form of nucleus. This is the very first organelle to be discovered. The nucleus was discovered by English scientist Robert Brown in 1831.

Utopia EducatorsShahin Alam

These systems are really cool because they use chemistry in a big way. They bring together membrane science and thermodynamics and fluid mechanics to make things work on a scale. This is what makes these systems so interesting. They use chemistry and membrane science and thermodynamics and fluid mechanics all at the same time to get the job done at an industrial scale.

How Reverse Osmosis Works

Water normally goes from places where it's not very salty, to places where it is very salty. Reverse osmosis is different. It uses a lot of pressure to push the water the way. This makes the water go through a membrane that has tiny holes in it. The water has to go through this membrane. Reverse osmosis makes the water move from areas of solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration, which is the opposite of what water normally does.

The membrane lets water molecules go through. It stops salts, microbes, heavy metals and other bad things from getting in. What you get is really water. The membrane makes sure that water molecules can pass through. This gives you exceptionally pure water.

Why Remineralization Is Necessary

So you have this pure water, like RO water and it does not have all the good minerals in it. This kind of water can actually be bad for things because it is corrosive.

To make it better people often do something to the water. They pass the treated water over things like calcium carbonate. This helps to get the minerals in the water and it makes the water taste a lot better. The water needs these minerals to be stable like a balance of minerals. It is not bad for things. This is why people add minerals back to the RO water.

Case Study: Water Management in Oman

Traditional Solutions

For a long time Oman used the Falaj system. The Falaj system is a way of moving water from one place to another using gravity. It is like a channel that brings groundwater from one place to another even if it is far away. The Falaj system does not need any machines or special chemicals to work. It just needs people to plan it carefully and work together as a community. The Oman people used the Falaj system for the Falaj system to work.

Modern Challenges

The population is growing fast. We do not have water from natural sources. Today Oman gets 85 percent of its drinking water from special plants that remove salt from seawater. These plants are called reverse osmosis desalination plants. Oman relies heavily on these reverse osmosis desalination plants, for its drinking water.

Preserving Tradition

Oman is still doing something old even with all the new technology around. They have something called Sabils which are like public fountains where people can get free drinking water. The Sabils are really cool because they show how old ideas and new ways of doing things can work together. The old ideas and the new chemical engineering are mixed together in a way in the Sabils. Oman has a lot of Sabils. They are very important to the people of Oman because they are a part of their cultural tradition of Sabils.

Conclusion

Clean drinking water does not just happen. People make sure it is safe to drink on purpose. Clean drinking water is the result of chemical control. Chlorine helps keep drinking water clean for a long time. Ozone is very good at killing things in clean drinking water. Reverse osmosis helps people get drinking water even when clean drinking water is hard to find. Each of these methods for making drinking water is a balance between keeping people safe, having the right equipment not costing too much money and what people think clean drinking water should be, like.

The next time you turn on a tap, remember that what flows out is not just water, it is chemistry working quietly, constantly, and successfully in the background.

References

Al-Barwani, H. H., & Prathapar, S. A. (2021). Desalination in Oman: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 11(1), 1-15.

American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2011). Water quality & treatment: A handbook on drinking water (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.

Black & Veatch Corporation. (2010). White’s handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants (5th ed.). Wiley.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024). Water Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramine. Retrieved from cdc.gov.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2023). Basic Information about Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. Retrieved from epa.gov.

Gleick, P. H. (2000). The world's water 2000-2001: The biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press.

Langlais, B., Reckhow, D. A., & Brink, D. R. (Eds.). (1991). Ozone in water treatment: Application and engineering. CRC Press.

McGuire, M. J. (2013). The chlorine revolution: Water disinfection and the saving of lives. American Water Works Association.

Spellman, F. R. (2007). The science of water: Concepts and applications (2nd ed.). CRC Press.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. WHO Press.

In the near future, Earth will be introduced to other economies in the Universe. By exposing human's of our world en masse to proper economics we will have rapid success and growth of all economies.

A security company in the Universe recruited me to help with this in 2010.

The way Earth was connected to by the universe security company is that they detected mind control spectrum permeating the universe from Earth. The mind control spectrum is 0 latency and permeates the entire cosmos. This is a beautiful situation, as soon as the ultimate weapon is figured out a very smart and powerful consortium of mind spectrum defenders step in and prevent abuse. As no one wants their actions controlled.

One of the main reasons that science is so restricted in exploring the Universe is that scientists assume that the speed of light is the fastest way to transmit.

Speed of light - approximately 299,792 km/s.

While it is true that light takes time to travel, it is not true that the bio-magnetic spectrum which flows through from your nerves to your brain is bound by the same light speed delay.

In the strictest physics sense: Yes, nerve signals are bio-magnetic.

The company on Earth introducing all this will be called Super Company.

I invite you to apply there when it is public.

Super Company

Super company will protect you.

Utopia EducatorsJohn Lambrechts

Have a great day, stay strong, stay healthy!

The 2026 year has begun with a large bang. The economic stasis of the world is changing. We are entering a new world order of competing economic systems.

BRICS is perhaps the biggest economic movement in the world right now.

BRICS is a coalition of states that have become frustrated with the Dollar based world market system. BRICS was founded in June 16, 2009. BRICS+ indicates countries that have joined after Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

The most recent project of BRICS nearing completion is the 'BRICS unit', and commodity systems, clearing systems, for the 'BRICS unit'.

What is the 'BRICS unit'?

a proposed, blockchain-based, gold-backed (40% gold, 60% local currencies) settlement token

So now we have countries competing with the dollar with a gold backed unit. This project itself could dethrone the dollar reserve standard, and already is.

Russian President Putin's speech 6 month's ago in regards to this system:

Plenary session of St Petersburg International Economic Forum:

Donald Trump, the president of the United States, has been pushing back against all BRICS actions. This is quite a spider web of things to talk about.

One of the main things to notice, is that BRICS nations are working on electronic exchanges and settlement systems so as not to rely at all on the US-led fiscal and monetary kerfuffle.

While I do not agree at all with Russia terrorizing Ukraine or Ukraine terrorizing Russia, smart people are starting to notice what BRICS is working on, and businesses are starting to allocate to hedge in case BRICS is successful.

BRICS Grain Exchange

First proposed by Russia in March 2024 and formally endorsed in the October 2024 Kazan Declaration. BRICS nations account for ~44% of global grain production.

By starting a commodity exchange for settlement and delivery of grains, this would be a great first step for local workers to start saving BRICS units.

India is the current chair of BRICS, having assumed the role on January 1, 2026, following Brazil's 2025 term, Russia 2024.

India is a great country to start the development of commodity exchanges based on BRICS units. Good technology skill and Indians at large also understand the value of gold and sound money. India also understands what happens when you let another nation (Britain) determine your economic policies.

My next article will highlight what allies of United States are working on. In my opinion non-BRICS nations should work in a friendly manner with BRICS, to avoid division and disputes.

References:

St Petersburg Economic Forum:
youtube.com/watch?v=CvlnI4Yewg0

Putin speaking remotely to 17th BRICS summit:
youtube.com/watch?v=dGF6XGxE-lY

youtube.com/watch?v=C_YJAAtPGfc

This story is sadly necessary, as the fire department in the town I bought my first house caused me a lot of problems. I live in Wonder Lake, Illinois. It is a nice community outside of Chicago, on the edge of the metro area.

Wonder Lake is beautiful, with unique homes built since the lake was formed via a man made dam in 1929. The dam was designed by the same firm who designed the Panama Canal.

I bought my home towards the end of the COVID pandemic and was excited to begin a healthy life in a beautiful area.

The fire department came to my house after I was worried about a friend of mine. I called the jail to see if she was there. Then McHenry County dispatches paramedics for no reason.

The paramedics lied to me to get me into the ambulance, when at the hospital they forced me into a psychiatric hospital with a 'mental health petition'.

I was not harming myself or anyone else.

When released from the psychiatric hospital I put in a phone complaint, which is completely legal. It is actually the recommended step when a fire department oversteps their authority.

I spoke to Chief Weber and calmly submitted my complaint.

Chief Weber did not like the phone call complaint and then he works with a private law firm Ottosen Law and McHenry County Sheriff after this phone call to indict me forcing me into the court system for no crime.

I have never defrauded or violated anyone in my life.

The jail also abused me,

1. Stuck in a nasty cell for 24 hours a day
2. Not allowed to shower for up to 7-10 days at a time
3. fed the same meal every meal
   1. 2 unpalatable ham sandwich and an apple
4. denied phone calls
5. lost an entire year of my life
6. defamed in my local community
   
   These actions by my local government have caused me more damage than anyone.

I hope you judge me based on my actions and not what my government has done to me. This is not the first time that my government has done this to me.

My heart goes out to Iran, Hamas victims in Israel, Gaza, low income people worldwide, and all people abused by government.

Thank you, and know the authors on this site are all great people.

Best Regards,
John Lambrechts

Here is the illegal mental health petition:

There are different types of participants in electronic trading markets:

• Retail / Individual Traders
• Institutional Traders
• High-Frequency Traders (HFTs)
• Market Makers / Designated Liquidity Providers
• Proprietary Trading Firms (Prop Traders)
• Hedge Funds
• Algorithmic / Systematic Traders
• Noise / Liquidity-Seeking Traders

These categories are not mutually exclusive. For example, an institutional trader can also engage in high-frequency trading and act as a market maker.

Let's explore what identity variables could be exposed on worldwide exchange order books.

What identity variables should exist on global market data order books?

The FIX API (a standardized messaging format/protocol for order routing, execution reporting, and trade communication) is used by market data firms and participants for electronic trading. A market participant connects to a network feed, and trade communications begin. Programmatic trading via FIX occurs on the market, and understanding this is useful when exploring the topic.

Ethics play a key role in markets. When an unethical participant gains access to worldwide programmatic capital allocation, it can hinder market functions. Exposing participant identities on order books could enable real-time market calculations.

For example, if global market data feeds included the identity of Société Générale bank customers trading American soybeans on CBOT, global market participants could deduce a great deal in real time. (Note: Not all Société Générale accounts are unethical, but assume for this hypothetical that the bank has ill intentions toward American farmers—e.g., making trades to harm soybean production.)

Real-time visibility of such data would allow all market participants to make more accurate economic calculations. Asset managers for American farmers could react immediately and protect the value and calculations associated with their farmers' positions.

Sane identity exposure on programmatic financial feeds could also begin with tax-funded financial assets, such as U.S. federal debt.

U.S. federal debt is ultimately tax-funded, and its value affects the government's ability to raise capital. Exposing trader identities with variables in market data feeds for these markets would improve calculations for all market participants.

Additionally, regulations could be enforced programmatically if the necessary data were included in programmatic feeds. This would reduce expenditures for tax-funded financial regulatory authorities and immediately improve functions.

President Trump recently announced (January 7, 2026) that large institutional traders would be banned from purchasing additional single-family homes. This action could be handled programmatically by including trader identities on market data feeds.

February 8, 1971, marked the launch of NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations), the beginning of automated trading.

Worldwide financial trading has never fully self-regulated. It is time for exchanges and firms to prove they can provide better options than bodies such as FINRA (U.S.), the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), or the Securities Association of China (SAC; 中国证券业协会).

Exchanges and financial firms worldwide have strong incentives to improve business conditions, and they should play a much larger role in setting regulatory standards.

The boogeyman for this hypothesis among some is that exposing identity in order books would result in reduced order flow for assets and order flow would move to more anonymous dark exchanges. However, the value is captured with this hypothesis by the entire market: Entire industries could spring up securing and growing market ethics. Regulation becomes a business vector for exchanges and market firms, rather than a government function.

Should we start with one instrument such as those funded via taxation? Sovereign debt identities exposed in FIX API?

The framework technology exists to do these things quite easily, what are your thoughts?

AI confirmed this is a valid conclusion:

References:

FIX Latest Online Specification – FIX Trading Community

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One of my first plans is to work with world exchanges to help them with the order books and clearing for all currencies in the universe with my team at Earth Exchange. The best solution to poverty is for every exchange having systems in place to accept every currency and access to every ethical investor in the Universe.

A problem you may not have thought of is that Earth investors (and other planets, as they are discovered) should be educated and given a chance to allocate and setup their business before universe capital. So that every Earth investor can invest before the boom of universe allocation.

It's going to be a great year.

Have a good day!

Listed below are most of the different exchanges.

Major Derivatives & Futures Exchanges (Top by Contracts Traded)

Many overlap with stock exchanges (e.g., NSE India leads globally in derivatives volume).

• CME Group (Chicago Mercantile Exchange, includes CBOT, NYMEX, COMEX) — United States (largest overall, energy/metals/ag/financials)
• Intercontinental Exchange (ICE Futures) — United States/UK (energy, softs)
• Eurex (Deutsche Börse) — Germany (European financial derivatives)
• National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) — India (world's highest derivatives volume)
• B3 — Brazil
• Korea Exchange (KRX) — South Korea
• China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) — China
• Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) — China
• Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE) — China

Major Commodity Exchanges

• CME Group (NYMEX/COMEX divisions) — Energy and metals
• Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) — Energy, agriculture
• London Metal Exchange (LME) — Base metals
• Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) — Metals, energy
• Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) — Agriculture (e.g., soybeans)
• Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE) — Agriculture
• Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) — India (metals, energy)
• Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM, part of JPX) — Rubber, precious metals

These companies, when advanced into the space age with universe markets will help enrich everyone on Earth.

Cancer, the disease that everyone is familiar with! Yet, a definitive cure for the condition remains elusive. Due to the intricacy of underlying mechanisms of different types of cancers and current diagnostic shortcomings, it is difficult to detect cancer early and eliminating the disease remains one of the toughest challenges for modern medicine. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aggressive form of blood cancer is mostly found among older adults accounting for 33% of all cases of leukemia. It is uncommon in people under the age of 45 to be diagnosed with this condition with the average age of first diagnosis being 69.

Understanding Cancer

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. Accumulating lots of modifications in the genome during host lifetime contributes to cancer.

Utopia EducatorsNaim Uddin Forhad

AML is a challenging hematological (blood related) malignancy that is difficult to treat due to mutations in multiple genes. One such mutation, FLT3-ITD (FMS like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Internal Tandem Duplication) drives uncontrolled proliferation of blood cells that lead to poor future outcomes. This mutation is found in approximately 30% of AML patients. FLT3 gene product is essentially a cell surface receptor that is found almost exclusively on hematopoietic progenitor cells that ultimately produce blood cells. Activation of FLT3 governs to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation which produce mature blood cells like red blood cell, white blood cell, and monocytes.

Current treatment strategies for AML often rely on FLT3 receptor inhibitors with giltertinib and midostaurin being the drugs of choice. Although these drugs have improved survival, they have significant side effects which can potentially lead to impaired heart function and drug resistance. These fundamental flaws necessitate an urgent need for safer and more effective alternatives.

It is very difficult to develop a drug from scratch. Designing a custom novel compound from the ground up (de novo drug design) requires massive investment and years of testing. However, all hope is not lost. Why reinvent the wheel if what we are looking for is already around us? What if we turned the table and sought help from one of our biggest allies since the dawn of mankind to fight the disease?

Natural compounds are utilized as a means of fighting disease for millennia. From traditional Chinese medicine to herbal medicine, nature has provided solutions not only to the most common ailments around us but also for some of the most difficult to treat conditions. Artemisia annua for example is used to treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest species of malarial parasite. Azadirachta indica has anti-inflammatory properties and is widely used to treat conditions like stomach upset, constipation and ulcer in the south Asian region.
Thanks to the rich history of humans benefiting from nature, we turned our eyes to what’s around us in search of a compound that can potentially block FLT3 receptor with a superior safety profile with better efficacy.

Combining modern tools In our search, we used computational techniques to screen a large number of natural compounds to find suitable candidates which were subsequently subjected to rigorous scrutiny to find a potential lead drug.
In modern drug discovery, the ability to rapidly filter vast libraries of compounds using computational methods has revolutionized the field. It accelerated the process of drug discovery and made it possible to test thousands of compounds within a very short timeframe.

In our study we created a curated library of almost 3,000 (2,792) compounds from 19 well known medicinal plants. Then we retrieved the crystal 3D structure of FLT3 receptor from Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 6JQR) and initially utilized a blind docking approach to find suitable compounds that has high binding affinities for the said receptor.

Initial screening revealed 15 compounds that exhibited superior binding energies than the standard drug in use today, giltertinib. To ensure safety and efficacy, we subjected the top hits to ADMET profiling. ADMET stands for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity. It acts as a measure of whether the compound in question has suitable properties for human use.

While current drugs of choice (including giltertinib and midostaurin) are plagued with various potentially fatal adverse effects, two of our lead compounds–Asperglaucide and 17 beta hydroxywithanolide K – have highly favorable safety profiles. Neither of them showed predicted hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity (the ability to cause cancer) or mutagenicity (cause change in the DNA which can lead to cancer or other diseases and detrimental effects). Moreover, an ideal drug compound will have excellent absorption in the intestines and have high bioavailability (bioavailability is the fraction of drug that actually reaches bloodstream; for example drug injected directly in the vein has 100% bioavailability because the entire drug is directly pushed to the bloodstream). Thankfully, both of our lead candidates demonstrated predicted high absorption in the intestines and high bioavailability in blood.

Following the ADMET analysis, to further validate our findings, we subjected the most promising candidates to 100 nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the compound-FLT3 binding in real time. Simply put, MD simulation allows us to predict and visualize activity of a specific compound against its target (in our case FLT3) under physiological conditions mimicking the internal environment of the human body using computational tools and techniques. In the simulation we analyzed root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonding, solvent accessible surface area (SASA). In simple terms, these metrics tell us the suitability of our test
compounds as viable drugs and if they can outperform the existing AML drugs.

After filtering through MD simulations, three emerged as potential lead candidates:

• Withanicandrin (from Psidium guajava): It had the strongest binding affinity at -10.9kcal/mol.
• 17 beta hydroxywithanolide K (from Psidium guajava): Showed a binding affinity of-10.1 kcal/mol.
• Asperglaucide (from Moringa oleifera): Had a binding affinity of-9.4 kcal/mol.

It’s worth mentioning that giltertinib has a binding affinity of -9.1 kcal/mol against FLT3.

We found compelling evidence that nature do hold potent answers to the problems of drug resistance and adverse effects in AML treatment. Asperglaucide in particular from moringa oleifera (uh oh, yah this is the same moringa plant you walk past every day on your way to office!!) represents a very promising lead compound. It combines superior binding affinity against FLT3 receptor, excellent structural stability and a superb toxicity profile overcoming the three main pitfalls of currently marketed drugs.

While these results are promising, they are not conclusive as further testing is needed to verify our findings. This study however underscores the power nature holds within and how we have been overlooking this power of nature all along. It serves as a reminder to us all that keys to good health and potent medicines are closer than we think, if only we widen our views and look around.
The journey to develop a therapy is a long journey. We hope our research will someday pave the way for a safer, more effective alternative to currently available chemotherapeutic agents.

Thanks for reading. If you enjoyed this post please hit the like button on our social media pages. Don’t forget to subscribe to our newsletter where we deliver cutting edge knowledge on recent advancements in science, technology, economics, and sociology right into the inbox of hundreds of thousands like you – completely free.

The nerds who are curious about the actual scientific study, click here.

Learn more about the magical program that dictates our body features:

DNA: The Language of Life

DNA is the central molecule which is responsible for the proper function of all living organisms.

Utopia EducatorsNaim Uddin Forhad

With author Comfort, and Founder John

https://utopiaeducators.com/ue-media/podcast/nigeriausa.mp3

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was established on 17 May 1930, originally to manage German reparations payments under the Treaty of Versailles (Young Plan). The Treaty of Versailles (Young Plan) was adopted June 7, 1929. 

Treaty of Versailles negotiators were “The Big Four” (France, USA, UK, Italy), Japan, Belgium, Brazil, China (refused final signature), Greece, Poland, Romania, and others.

Basics of the Young Plan during the Treaty of Versailles and actions taken by allied forces on the belligerent Germany were:

• 112 billion Reichsmarks (RM) over 59 years (to 1988)
• Payment schedule: 59 annual installments averaging ~1.98–2.05 billion Reichsmarks per year
• Ended foreign controls over German finances/railways; 
• Created Bank for International Settlements (BIS) for transfers; tied to early Rhineland evacuation (completed June 1930); financed partly by ~US$300 million international loan.

The Young Plan led to the replacement of the Dawes Plan.

Owen Young is seated third from Left where the new reparation plan got its name.

There were many meetings and conferences that led to the founding:

• The creation and founding of BIS was first discussed at the Young Committee (Feb 9 – Jun 7, 1929) and initially was named the “International Settlements Bank”. 

• First Hague conference (Aug 6–31, 1929), the political ratification of the Young Plan created the BIS in principle.

• Baden-Baden Organization Committee (International Bankers' Conference) (Oct 3 – Nov 13, 1929) was where the near-final founding texts were finalized in French, English texts added later.

• Second Hague Conference (Jan 7–20, 1930) the Young Plan & BIS legally adopted Jan 20, 1930 and signed the official charter (Germany, Belgium, France, UK, Italy, Japan + Switzerland as host).

• In Rome, Italy at the BIS Constitutive Meeting (Feb 27, 1930) founding central banks + US banking group signed a constitutive instrument and the BIS was legally incorporated under Swiss law.

The Young Plan was short-lived due to global economic depression, and the first major action of the BIS was a complete failure. The plan was suspended by the Hoover Moratorium in 1931 and essentially canceled at the Lausanne Conference in 1932. The founding rationale was to aid in international reparation and trade disputes as a ‘neutral’ party. While it seems great, immediately as these bankers coalesced the world was plunged into an economic depression.

Here is the timeline of the complete failure of BIS’s first action:

• Jan 1930: Young Plan adopted; BIS created to manage it.
• May 1930: BIS opens its doors in Basel.
• May 1931: The Creditanstalt Collapse. The largest bank in Austria fails. This is the BIS's first "911 call." The BIS tries to organize a rescue loan, but it is too slow and too small. The contagion spreads to Germany.
• June 1931: Hoover Moratorium. President Hoover realizes Germany is about to collapse and pauses all reparation payments. The BIS's primary job (collecting reparations) is suspended after just 13 months.
• July 1932: Lausanne Conference. Reparations are effectively cancelled. The BIS's original purpose is now officially obsolete.

If any private company failed its primary objective this badly within two years, it would be liquidated. The BIS, however, pivoted to becoming a clubhouse for central bankers, where they could meet secretly, smoke cigars, and plot world central bank policy. Good for the bankers, not so good for the people worldwide.

BIS and the FDR gold seizure in America

On April 5, 1933, FDR signed the Executive Order 6102 criminalizing the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association, or corporation. Specifically FDR made exceptions for the Bank of International Settlements.

The "Smoking Gun" Text

Section 2. All persons are hereby required to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, to a Federal Reserve Bank or a branch or agency thereof or to any member bank of the Federal Reserve System all gold coin, gold bullion and gold certificates now owned by them or coming into their ownership on or before April 28, 1933, except the following:

(a) Such amount of gold as may be required for legitimate and customary use in industry, profession or art within a reasonable time...

(b) Gold coin and gold certificates in an amount not exceeding in the aggregate $100.00 belonging to any one person...

(c) Gold coin and bullion earmarked or held in trust for a recognized foreign Government or foreign central bank or the Bank for International Settlements.

(d) Gold coin and bullion licensed for other proper transactions (not involving hoarding)

Executive order 6102 resulted in centralization of gold, sound collateral accepted worldwide, into vaults controlled by the central bankers of the world. Also, the gold price paid to US citizens was fixed at $20.67 USD. And 1 year later the USA Government and Federal Reserve revalued gold to $35 in 1934, resulting in a 70% profit for the government. Leading the citizens into the great depression.

When FDR signed Executive Order 6102 in April 1933, citizens were ordered to turn their gold into "a Federal Reserve Bank or a branch or agency thereof."

The gold seized in the USA was first owned by the Federal Reserve. On January 30, 1934, Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act. This law forced the Federal Reserve to hand over all the gold it had just collected from the citizens to the U.S. Treasury, where it remains today in places such as Fort Knox, and the NY Fed (still owned by Treasury).

Bretton Woods conflict with BIS 

The Bretton Woods conference (1944 in New Hampshire, USA )  established a new financial architecture centered on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). During these negotiations, several delegations argued that the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was incompatible with the new global financial order, leading to an official recommendation that the BIS be liquidated:

At the Bretton Woods conference, Resolution V formally called for the “liquidation of the Bank for International Settlements at the earliest possible moment” because of its collaboration with Nazi Germany.

The fundamental issue arose from the entangled roles, wartime controversies, and the desire by Bretton Woods planners to create a modern US-led monetary system free from pre-war institutions based on the European system.  At first, the United States, the United Kingdom, Norway, and other nations, together with their delegates, suggested the dissolution of the Bank for International Settlements, asserting that the IMF already covered the BIS intended role in global monetary cooperation.

The following were the main arguments against the extension of the lifetime of the BIS as presented at the Bretton woods conference:

• Functional overlap with IMF: the delegates at the conference stated that the IMF would take over the functions of the BIS in relation to exchange rate stability and international monetary transactions, thus making the BIS redundant in this aspect.
• Wartime controversies: The BIS did some financial transactions with Nazi Germany by accepting gold as payment
• Outdated institutional framework: the BIS was preserved by some officials as a pre-war European institution bound by the reparations regime and thus deemed unfit for the new world economic order.
• Creation of a new centralized system: The planners at Bretton Woods were not inclined to have a complex of overlapping institutions but rather wanted one IMF-supervised, unified, rules-based financial architecture.

The decision to liquidate the BIS was the official resolution of the Bretton Woods Conference, but the implementation of that decision was never carried out. The political backing for the dissolution of the BIS diminished after 1945 as the position of central banks, particularly in Europe, was that the BIS had a unique role to play as a technical forum for monetary cooperation. Moreover, the IMF would not be able to take over the functions of the BIS as it operated through governments and not through central banks, while the Swiss government was an ardent supporter of the continued existence of the Bank.

The BIS continued to function in the post-ww1 period and, eventually, its role expanded beyond its original contours.

The decision to dissolve the BIS was quietly shelved by BIS Board of Directors in 1948.

BIS actions during National Socialist (NAZI) German War

The Central Bank of Germany since 1876 until USA defeated the belligerents in 1945 was called Reichsbank.

• The Reichsbank remained a full BIS shareholder throughout the entire Nazi period.
• Key Nazi-Affiliated Directors on the BIS Board
• Transfer of Czechoslovak Gold After Munich and Occupation (1938–1939)
• Looted Belgian Gold Episode (1940–1942)
  • May 1940: Belgium shipped 198 tons of gold to France for safekeeping; after France fell, the gold went via Dakar to the Banque de France’s account at the BIS.
  • Reichsbank demanded the BIS transfer Belgian gold to its own account.
  • Between 1941 and 1942 the BIS complied, allowing the Reichsbank to sell ≈$400 million (1940s value) of Belgian monetary gold on the Swiss market and elsewhere.
  • Confirmed by the 1946 U.S. Treasury “Kilgore Report” and the 1953 Rogers Report (official Belgian government investigation).
• 1942–1944: BIS accepted looted gold from the Reichsbank (including dental gold and jewelry from concentration-camp victims) and converted it into Swiss francs for German use. Quantities are documented in the 1997 Eizenstat Report and the 1998 Bergier Commission (Swiss official inquiry).
• American BIS President During the War
  • U.S. Treasury and OSS files (declassified) describe McKittrick as extremely accommodating to German requests.

BIS in the modern economy

BIS is the main global platform for cooperation, research, and regulatory guidance among central banks in the present economy. In the course of time, this institution has changed its position greatly from its initial role of administering German reparations and facilitating the monetary coordination during the interwar period. 

To a large extent, the modern central bank system owes its functioning to the following major actions of the BIS:

• Central bank cooperation and forums: the BIS offers a "neutral" site where central banks can meet and discuss things like information exchange , coordination of monetary policies, and world financial challenges handling the forums helps in lowering the systemic risks and at the same time security of the stability in the global financial markets.
• Banking regulation and supervision: The BIS, through the Basel Committee on Banking Standards, which consists of capital requirements and liquidity frameworks. The implementation of these standards makes the global banking system more resilient and less crisis-prone.
• Research and economic analysis: advanced BIS research is centered on the topics of monetary policy, financial stability, and macroeconomic trends. The research results are used by policymakers in making decisions about interest rates, reserve requirements, and crisis prevention strategies.
• Financial services for the central banks:  BIS also offers an environment to its member central banks for transactions in gold and foreign exchange, as well as for transactions related to collateralized lending and investment.
• Innovation in digital finance and payments: The BIS is investigating the use of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), cross-border payment systems, and other fintech solutions that lead to the global improvement of customer satisfaction through increased efficiency, reduced transaction costs, and enhanced financial inclusion.
• Sustainable finance and climate risk: The BIS is drawing upon the link between the climate-related risks and the financial system. One way the bank is doing this is by publishing reports and academic papers on its own, as well as by hosting and participating in conferences.

Through these actions, the BIS contributes to the illusion of modern banking success, positioning itself as an essential institution for modern financial governance while the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer. Inherent in any central-planned economy.

Conclusion

While economic coordination and action is grand and produces wealth. Many actions of the BIS since its founding have resulted in a world burdened by fiat inflation, government debt, rampant entangling alliances, and war. BIS’ first purpose was to handle the economic reparations from Germany in World War 1, which they failed miserably at, resulting in another World War, and currently Europe is in the deadliest war since World War 2 in Russia/Ukraine. 

In 1929 just before the crash wealth was concentrated in the top 0.1% where they owned about 25% of all wealth. Between 1934 and 1971, the US Dollar was the world's reserve currency because the US Treasury promised to redeem dollars held by foreign central banks for gold at $35 per ounce..

Since 1971, the wealth concentration has almost returned to the exact level it was in 1929. It is very clear that this group of central bankers have the wrong monetary policies forced on every jurisdiction.

The BIS has been through nearly one hundred years of complicated global financial crises and has completely changed its role from being an institution for settling reparation and debts between member banks and now operates as a central bank club.

The BIS continued to be a part of the global financial system through all it's failures, it is still a major player in fraud with a global financial system based on incorrect economics.

The BIS should be liquidated, and exposed for what they have done to debtor nations, collaboration with Nazi bankers, and centralization of sound money collateral. BIS intervention in banking and the money supply has caused massive instability, war, concentrated wealth, and inevitably has caused problems in the worldwide market economy.

The components of a Spaceship can be made from Earth crust materials. Currently Boeing X-37B is using a Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242S) alloy which is designed for reentry heat of Earth atmosphere.

• Al (Aluminum): 5.5–6.5 wt.%
• Sn (Tin): 1.8–2.2 wt.%
• Zr (Zirconium): 3.6–4.4 wt.%
• Mo (Molybdenum): 1.8–2.2 wt.%
• Si (Silicon): 0.06–0.13 wt.%
• Ti (Titanium): Balance

The Ti-6242S metal forging process involves heating the titanium billet to high temperatures, typically above the beta-transus temperature, and then using mechanical force from hammers or presses to shape it.

SpaceX recently launched one in August 2025 using the Falcon 9 rocket.

If we are to reach Mars and mine the asteroid belt, these types of alloys need to be studied, mined, and improved. Magellan Metals is a supplier of many metal alloys, for example.

The X-37B uses a hypergolic propellant system of nitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine. It also uses solar cells and lithium-ion batteries provide power for the onboard systems to power the onboard digital systems.

I suspect the only thing holding us back from extreme distance space travel is controlled nuclear fusion. If we find the catalyst to trigger a fusion chain reaction such as happens in the Helium process of the sun, we would have enormous commodities within reach for every Earth business, unleashing enormous potential and dreams.

An example of fusion reaction would be the deuterium-tritium:

I hope this inspired you to travel the Milky Way.

John