#OOP Python

'''

Object Oriented Programming is a fundamental concept in Python,

empowering developers to build modular, maintainable and scalable applications.

OOP is a way of organizing code that uses objects and classes to represent

real-world entities and their behavior. In OOP, object has attributes thing

that has specific data and can perform certain actions using methods.

'''

class Dog:

species = "Canine" # Class attribute

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name # Instance attribute

self.age = age # Instance attribute

# Creating an object of the Dog class

dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)

print(dog1.name)

print(dog1.species)

#Encapsulation example

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name, breed, age):

self.name = name # Public attribute

self._breed = breed # Protected attribute

self.__age = age # Private attribute

# Public method

def get_info(self):

return f"Name: {self.name}, Breed: {self._breed}, Age: {self.__age}"

# Getter and Setter for private attribute

def get_age(self):

return self.__age

def set_age(self, age):

if age > 0:

self.__age = age

else:

print("Invalid age!")

# Example Usage

dog = Dog("Buddy", "Labrador", 3)

# Accessing public member

print(dog.name) # Accessible

# Accessing protected member

print(dog._breed) # Accessible but discouraged outside the class

# Accessing private member using getter

print(dog.get_age())

# Modifying private member using setter

dog.set_age(5)

print(dog.get_info())

#Inheritance example

class Animal:

def speak(self):

return "Animal speaks"

class Dog(Animal):

def speak(self):

return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):

def speak(self):

return "Meow!"

dog = Dog()

cat = Cat()

print(dog.speak()) # Output: Woof!

print(cat.speak()) # Output: Meow!

# Method Overriding

# We start with a base class and then a subclass that "overrides" the speak method.

class Animal:

def speak(self):

return "I am an animal."

class Dog(Animal):

def speak(self):

return "Woof!"

print(Dog().speak())

# 2 Duck Typing

class Cat:

def speak(self):

return "Meow!"

def make_animal_speak(animal):

# This function works for both Dog and Cat because they both have a 'speak' method.

return animal.speak()

print(make_animal_speak(Cat()))

print(make_animal_speak(Dog()))

# 3 Operator Overloading

# We create a simple class that customizes the '+' operator.

class Vector:

def __init__(self, x, y):

self.x = x

self.y = y

def __add__(self, other):

# This special method defines the behavior of the '+' operator.

return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __repr__(self):

return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v1 = Vector(2, 3)

v2 = Vector(4, 5)

v3 = v1 + v2

print(v3)