python · mvanhorn · Mar 25, 2026 · Mar 25, 2026 · Mar 25, 2026 · Mar 25, 2026
@@ -420,6 +420,35 @@ Improved error messages
               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      AttributeError: 'Container' object has no attribute 'area'. Did you mean '.inner.area' instead of '.area'?
 
+* When an :exc:`AttributeError` on a builtin type has no close match via
+  Levenshtein distance, the error message now checks a static table of common
+  method names from other languages (JavaScript, Java, Ruby, C#) and suggests
+  the Python equivalent:
+
+  .. doctest::
+
+     >>> [1, 2, 3].push(4)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+     Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+     AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'push'. Did you mean '.append'?
+
+     >>> 'hello'.toUpperCase()  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+     Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+     AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'toUpperCase'. Did you mean '.upper'?
+
+  When the Python equivalent is a language construct rather than a method,
+  the hint describes the construct directly:
+
+  .. doctest::
+
+     >>> {}.put("a", 1)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+     Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+     AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'put'. Use d[k] = v for item assignment.
+
+  (Contributed by Matt Van Horn in :gh:`146406`.)
+
 
 Other language changes
 ======================

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_traceback.py b/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
@@ -4564,6 +4564,80 @@ def __init__(self):
         actual = self.get_suggestion(Outer(), 'target')
         self.assertIn("'.normal.target'", actual)
 
+    def test_cross_language_list_push_suggests_append(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'push')
+        self.assertIn("'.append'", actual)
+        self.assertNotIn("instead of", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_list_concat_suggests_extend(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'concat')
+        self.assertIn("'.extend'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_list_addAll_suggests_extend(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'addAll')
+        self.assertIn("'.extend'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_list_contains_suggests_in(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'contains')
+        self.assertIn("Use 'x in list'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_list_add_suggests_set(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'add')
+        self.assertIn("Did you mean to use a 'set' object?", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_str_toUpperCase_suggests_upper(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion('', 'toUpperCase')
+        self.assertIn("'.upper'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_str_toLowerCase_suggests_lower(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion('', 'toLowerCase')
+        self.assertIn("'.lower'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_str_trimStart_suggests_lstrip(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion('', 'trimStart')
+        self.assertIn("'.lstrip'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_str_trimEnd_suggests_rstrip(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion('', 'trimEnd')
+        self.assertIn("'.rstrip'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_dict_keySet_suggests_keys(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion({}, 'keySet')
+        self.assertIn("'.keys'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_dict_entrySet_suggests_items(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion({}, 'entrySet')
+        self.assertIn("'.items'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_dict_putAll_suggests_update(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion({}, 'putAll')
+        self.assertIn("'.update'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_dict_entries_suggests_items(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion({}, 'entries')
+        self.assertIn("'.items'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_dict_put_suggests_bracket(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion({}, 'put')
+        self.assertIn("d[k] = v", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_levenshtein_takes_priority(self):
+        # Levenshtein catches trim->strip and indexOf->index before
+        # the cross-language table is consulted
+        actual = self.get_suggestion('', 'trim')
+        self.assertIn("'.strip'", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_no_hint_for_unknown_attr(self):
+        actual = self.get_suggestion([], 'completely_unknown_method')
+        self.assertNotIn("Did you mean", actual)
+
+    def test_cross_language_not_triggered_for_subclasses(self):
+        # Only exact builtin types, not subclasses
+        class MyList(list):
+            pass
+        actual = self.get_suggestion(MyList(), 'push')
+        self.assertNotIn("append", actual)
+
     def make_module(self, code):
         tmpdir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
         self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tmpdir)

diff --git a/Lib/traceback.py b/Lib/traceback.py
@@ -1153,6 +1153,10 @@ def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, *, limit=None,
                     self._str += f". Did you mean '.{suggestion}' instead of '.{wrong_name}'?"
                 else:
                     self._str += f". Did you mean '.{suggestion}' ({suggestion!a}) instead of '.{wrong_name}' ({wrong_name!a})?"
+            elif hasattr(exc_value, 'obj'):
+                hint = _get_cross_language_hint(exc_value.obj, wrong_name)
+                if hint:
+                    self._str += f". {hint}"
         elif exc_type and issubclass(exc_type, NameError) and \
                 getattr(exc_value, "name", None) is not None:
             wrong_name = getattr(exc_value, "name", None)
@@ -1649,6 +1653,42 @@ def print(self, *, file=None, chain=True, **kwargs):
 _MOVE_COST = 2
 _CASE_COST = 1
 
+# Cross-language method suggestions for builtin types.
+# Consulted as a fallback when Levenshtein-based suggestions find no match.
+#
+# Inclusion criteria:
+#   1. Must have evidence of real cross-language confusion (Stack Overflow
+#      traffic, bug reports in production repos, developer survey data).
+#   2. Must not be catchable by Levenshtein distance (too different from
+#      the correct Python method name).
+#
+# Each entry maps (builtin_type, wrong_name) to a (suggestion, is_raw) tuple.
+# If is_raw is False, the suggestion is wrapped in "Did you mean '.X'?".
+# If is_raw is True, the suggestion is rendered as-is.
+#
+# See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/146406.
+_CROSS_LANGUAGE_HINTS = {
+    # list -- JavaScript/Ruby equivalents
+    (list, "push"): ("append", False),
+    (list, "concat"): ("extend", False),
+    # list -- Java/C# equivalents
+    (list, "addAll"): ("extend", False),
+    (list, "contains"): ("Use 'x in list' to check membership.", True),
-    (list, "contains"): ("Use 'x in list' to check membership.", True),
+    (list, "contains"): ("Use 'x in list'.", True),
-    (list, "contains"): ("Use 'x in list' to check membership.", True),
+    (list, "contains"): ("Use 'x in list'.", True),
+    # list -- wrong-type suggestion more likely means the user expected a set
+    (list, "add"): ("Did you mean to use a 'set' object?", True),
+    # str -- JavaScript equivalents
+    (str, "toUpperCase"): ("upper", False),
+    (str, "toLowerCase"): ("lower", False),
+    (str, "trimStart"): ("lstrip", False),
+    (str, "trimEnd"): ("rstrip", False),
+    # dict -- Java/JavaScript equivalents
+    (dict, "keySet"): ("keys", False),
+    (dict, "entrySet"): ("items", False),
+    (dict, "entries"): ("items", False),
+    (dict, "putAll"): ("update", False),
+    (dict, "put"): ("Use d[k] = v for item assignment.", True),
-    (dict, "put"): ("Use d[k] = v for item assignment.", True),
+    (dict, "put"): ("Use d[k] = v.", True),
-    (dict, "put"): ("Use d[k] = v for item assignment.", True),
+    (dict, "put"): ("Use d[k] = v.", True),
+}
+
 
 def _substitution_cost(ch_a, ch_b):
     if ch_a == ch_b:
@@ -1711,6 +1751,22 @@ def _check_for_nested_attribute(obj, wrong_name, attrs):
     return None
 
 
+def _get_cross_language_hint(obj, wrong_name):
+    """Check if wrong_name is a common method name from another language.
+
+    Only checks exact builtin types (list, str, dict) to avoid false
+    positives on subclasses that may intentionally lack these methods.
+    Returns a formatted hint string, or None.
+    """
+    entry = _CROSS_LANGUAGE_HINTS.get((type(obj), wrong_name))
+    if entry is None:
+        return None
+    hint, is_raw = entry
+    if is_raw:
+        return hint
+    return f"Did you mean '.{hint}'?"
+
+
 def _get_safe___dir__(obj):
     # Use obj.__dir__() to avoid a TypeError when calling dir(obj).
     # See gh-131001 and gh-139933.

diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-25-07-17-41.gh-issue-146406.ydsmqe.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-25-07-17-41.gh-issue-146406.ydsmqe.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Cross-language method suggestions are now shown for :exc:`AttributeError` on
+builtin types when the existing Levenshtein-based suggestions find no match.
+For example, ``[].push()`` now suggests ``append`` and
+``"".toUpperCase()`` suggests ``upper``.