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Health Knowledge Base

Lab Test Encyclopedia

Understand what your results mean, with reference ranges and clinical significance.

Acid-Base

Anion Gap: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male8–16 (lab-dependent) mmol/L
Female8–16 (lab-dependent) mmol/L

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male22–29 mmol/L
Female22–29 mmol/L

Cell/Tissue Injury

LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase): Normal Range, Results & What Th

Male140–280 U/L
Female135–215 U/L

Coagulation

D-Dimer: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male<0.5 ng/mL FEU
Female<0.5 ng/mL FEU

INR (International Normalized Ratio): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0.9–1.1 ratio
Female0.9–1.1 ratio

PT (Prothrombin Time): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male9.5–12.5 seconds
Female9.5–12.5 seconds

Complete Blood Count

Complete Blood Count (CBC): Normal Range, Results & What The

Malevaries by component varies
Femalevaries by component varies

Diabetes Diagnosis

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Normal Range, Results &

MaleFasting &lt;100; 2-hr &lt;140 mg/dL
FemaleFasting &lt;100; 2-hr &lt;140 mg/dL

Diabetes Monitoring

Fructosamine: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male205–285 µmol/L
Female205–285 µmol/L

Electrolytes

Calcium (Total): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male8.5–10.5 mg/dL
Female8.5–10.5 mg/dL

Chloride: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male98–107 mmol/L
Female98–107 mmol/L

Magnesium: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male1.7–2.2 mg/dL
Female1.7–2.2 mg/dL

Phosphorus: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male2.5–4.5 mg/dL
Female2.5–4.5 mg/dL

Potassium: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male3.5–5.0 mmol/L
Female3.5–5.0 mmol/L

Sodium: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male136–145 mmol/L
Female136–145 mmol/L

Endocrine

C-Peptide: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0.8–3.1 (fasting) ng/mL
Female0.8–3.1 (fasting) ng/mL

Fasting Insulin: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male2–20 µIU/mL
Female2–20 µIU/mL

Endocrinology

TSH Test: Normal Range & What High/Low Levels Mean

Male0.4–4.0 mIU/L
Female0.4–4.0 mIU/L

Fluid Balance

Serum Osmolality: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male275–295 mOsm/kg
Female275–295 mOsm/kg

Hematology

Annual CBC Test: Why It's Important & What Results Mean

MaleSee individual components Panel (15+ values)
FemaleSee individual components Panel (15+ values)

Hepatology

Periodic Liver Function Testing: When & How Often

MaleSee individual tests Panel monitoring
FemaleSee individual tests Panel monitoring

Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Normal Ranges Explained

MaleSee individual components Panel (6-8 tests)
FemaleSee individual components Panel (6-8 tests)

Hormones

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): Normal Range, Results & What They

Male15–65 pg/mL
Female15–65 pg/mL

Thyroid Panel (TSH, FT4, FT3, TPOAb, TgAb): Normal Range, Re

MaleTSH 0.5-4.0 (optimal 1-2); FT4/FT3 per lab varies
FemaleTSH 0.5-4.0 (optimal 1-2); FT4/FT3 per lab varies

Inflammation

CRP (C-Reactive Protein): Normal Range, Results & What They

Male&lt;3 mg/L
Female&lt;3 mg/L

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0–15 mm/hr
Female0–20 mm/hr

Homocysteine: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male&lt;15 µmol/L
Female&lt;15 µmol/L

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP): Normal Range,

Male&lt;1.0 (optimal &lt;0.5) mg/L
Female&lt;1.0 (optimal &lt;0.5) mg/L

Iron Studies

Ferritin: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male30–300 ng/mL
Female13–150 ng/mL

Kidney Function

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Normal Range, Results & What They

Male8–24 mg/dL
Female6–21 mg/dL

Creatinine: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0.74–1.35 mg/dL
Female0.59–1.04 mg/dL

eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate): Normal Range, R

Male≥90 (normal) mL/min/1.73m²
Female≥90 (normal) mL/min/1.73m²

Uric Acid: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male3.7–8.6 mg/dL
Female2.6–6.0 mg/dL

Lipid Panel

HDL Cholesterol: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male>40 mg/dL
Female>50 mg/dL

LDL-C (LDL Cholesterol): Normal Range & How to Lower It

Male<100 mg/dL
Female<100 mg/dL

LDL Cholesterol: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male&lt;100 mg/dL
Female&lt;100 mg/dL

Lipoprotein(a): Normal Range, High Levels & Heart Risk

Male&lt;75 nmol/L
Female&lt;75 nmol/L

Total Cholesterol: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male&lt;200 mg/dL
Female&lt;200 mg/dL

Triglycerides: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male&lt;150 mg/dL
Female&lt;150 mg/dL

Lipids

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB): Normal Range, Results & What They M

Male&lt;90 (optimal) mg/dL
Female&lt;90 (optimal) mg/dL

Non-HDL Cholesterol: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male&lt;130 mg/dL
Female&lt;130 mg/dL

Liver

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): Normal Range, Results & Wh

Male&lt;60 (optimal &lt;20) U/L
Female&lt;45 (optimal &lt;20) U/L

Liver Function

Albumin: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male3.5–5.5 g/dL
Female3.5–5.5 g/dL

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase): Normal Range, Results & What The

Male40–129 U/L
Female35–104 U/L

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): Normal Range, Results & What

Male9–50 U/L
Female7–35 U/L

AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase): Normal Range, Results & Wh

Male10–40 U/L
Female9–32 U/L

Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin: Normal Range, Results & What

Male0.0–0.3 mg/dL
Female0.0–0.3 mg/dL

Total Bilirubin: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0.3–1.2 mg/dL
Female0.3–1.2 mg/dL

Bilirubin (Direct & Indirect): Normal Range, Results & What

MaleTotal: 0.3–1.2 (Direct: 0.0–0.3) mg/dL
FemaleTotal: 0.3–1.2 (Direct: 0.0–0.3) mg/dL

Metabolic

Fasting Insulin: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male2 - 10 (optimal 2-5) µIU/mL
Female2 - 10 (optimal 2-5) µIU/mL

HOMA-IR (Insulin Resistance Score): Normal Range, Results &

Male&lt;1.0 optimal calculated
Female&lt;1.0 optimal calculated

Ketones: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Malenegative mg/dL
Femalenegative mg/dL

Metabolic Panel

Blood Glucose: Normal Range, High & Low Levels Explained

Male70–100 mg/dL
Female70–100 mg/dL

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): Results Explained

MaleSee individual components Panel (14 tests)
FemaleSee individual components Panel (14 tests)

Electrolyte Panel: Normal Ranges & What Abnormal Results Mean

MaleSee individual components mEq/L
FemaleSee individual components mEq/L

Glucose (Fasting): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male70–100 mg/dL
Female70–100 mg/dL

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c): Normal Range, Results & What They Me

Male&lt;5.7 %
Female&lt;5.7 %

Microbiology

Rapid Strep Test: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Malenegative qualitative
Femalenegative qualitative

Stool Culture: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

MaleNo pathogens isolated qualitative
FemaleNo pathogens isolated qualitative

Mineral Balance

Ionized Calcium: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male1.12–1.32 mmol/L
Female1.12–1.32 mmol/L

Muscle & Cardiac Injury

CK (Creatine Kinase): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male52–336 U/L
Female38–176 U/L

Nephrology

Periodic Kidney Function Testing: When & How Often

MaleSee individual tests Panel monitoring
FemaleSee individual tests Panel monitoring

Kidney Function Tests: Normal Ranges & What Results Mean

MaleSee individual components Panel (5-7 tests)
FemaleSee individual components Panel (5-7 tests)

Protein Status

Prealbumin (Transthyretin): Normal Range, Results & What The

Male18–45 mg/dL
Female18–45 mg/dL

Total Protein: Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male6.0–8.3 g/dL
Female6.0–8.3 g/dL

Pulmonology

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs): Results Explained

Male≥80% predicted (FEV1, FVC) Panel (multiple measurements)
Female≥80% predicted (FEV1, FVC) Panel (multiple measurements)

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Digoxin Level: Normal Range, Toxicity & What Results Mean

Male0.5–2.0 ng/mL
Female0.5–2.0 ng/mL

Tumor Markers

AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male0–10 ng/mL
Female0–10 ng/mL

Vital Signs

Blood Pressure: Normal Range, Readings & What They Mean

Male<120/80 mmHg
Female<120/80 mmHg

BP (Blood Pressure): Normal Range & Readings Explained

Male<120/80 mmHg
Female<120/80 mmHg

Heart Rate: Normal Range & What Your Pulse Means

Male60–100 (resting) beats per minute (bpm)
Female60–100 (resting) beats per minute (bpm)

Vitamin Levels

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male200–900 pg/mL
Female200–900 pg/mL

Vitamin D (25-OH): Normal Range, Results & What They Mean

Male30–100 ng/mL
Female30–100 ng/mL